1、Designation: C 329 88 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Method forSpecific Gravity of Fired Ceramic Whiteware Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 329; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of specificgravity of fired ceramic whiteware materials under prescrib
3、edconditions.NOTE 1This test method is not applicable to materials attacked bywater.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and
4、 determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 153 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of PigmentsE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposes3. Significance and Use3.1 Measurement of specific gravity is a tool for d
5、etermin-ing the degree of maturation of a ceramic body.4. Apparatus and Materials4.1 Analytical Balance and Weights.4.2 Pycnometers, of 50-mL capacity, consisting of suitablebottles with capillary tube stoppers.4.3 Thermometer, calibrated at 0.5C intervals in the roomtemperature range.4.4 Drying Ove
6、n.4.5 Weighing Bottle.4.6 Desiccator.4.7 Vacuum SourceA suitable apparatus to produce avacuum equivalent to an absolute pressure of less than 1.0-in.(25.4-mm) Hg.4.8 Distilled Water, that has been freshly evacuated, orboiled and cooled, to remove dissolved air.5. Sample Preparation5.1 When possible,
7、 the sample for test shall consist of atleast two pieces totaling 100 to 150 g taken from differentportions of the material in such a way as to exclude skinsurfaces in so far as possible. The sample shall be selected soas to be representative of the material to be tested.5.2 The pieces shall be crus
8、hed, if necessary, betweenhardened steel surfaces. The specimen shall then be reduced to25 to 50 g by quartering, and any magnetic material introducedby crushing shall be removed. This specimen shall be groundin a suitable mortar so that it will pass a 150-m (No. 100)sieve, conforming to Specificati
9、on E11, or its equivalent. Careshall be taken at all stages of the crushing, grinding, andquartering to minimize the introduction of impurities and retainall material even though difficult to grind.6. Procedure6.1 Make all determinations in duplicate. Determine allweights in this procedure to the ne
10、arest 0.0001 g.6.2 Place the ground specimen in a glass weighing bottleand dry to constant weight at 105 to 110C. Close the bottlewith a glass stopper immediately upon removal from the oven.6.3 Dry the pycnometer and stopper at 105 to 110C, cool toroom temperature in a desiccator, weigh on an analyt
11、icalbalance, and record the weight as p. Fill the pycnometer bottlewith distilled water at room temperature, t1, insert the stopper,and remove the excess water on the tip of the capillary bymeans of filter paper. Weigh the pycnometer and contents andrecord the weight as W1. Empty and dry the pycnome
12、ter.6.4 Place about 8 to 12 g of the dried specimen in the drypycnometer; weigh the pycnometer, stopper, and specimen andrecord the weight as W. Add distilled water until the bottle isapproximately one half full, and, to remove entrapped air, firststir the specimen and water thoroughly with a glass
13、rod. Thenremove the glass rod, using a small quantity of distilled waterto wash back into the pycnometer any particles of specimenadhering to the rod. Finally subject the specimen and water toa reduced air pressure of less than 1.0-in. (25.4-mm) Hg (abs).NOTE 2A suitable method for evacuation of gas
14、 is described in 5.5 ofTest Methods D 153.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C21 on CeramicWhitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2006. Pub
15、lished February 2006. Originallyapproved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as C 329 88 (1999).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stan
16、dards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.5 Fill the bottle, after evacuation with distilled water atroom temperature, t2, insert the stopper, and remove the excesswater on the t
17、ip of the capillary by means of filter paper. Weighthe pycnometer and contents, and record the weight as W2.6.6 Temperatures t1and t2shall be reported to the nearest0.5C and shall not differ by more than 5C.7. Calculation7.1 Calculate the specific gravity with respect to water at4C, as follows:Speci
18、fic gravity 5d1d2W 2 p!0.999973d2W12 p! 2 d1W22 W!#(1)where:d1= absolute density of water (from Table 1) at tempera-ture t1(6.3),d2= absolute density of water (from Table 1) at tempera-ture t2(6.5),p = weight of the stoppered pycnometer (6.3),W = weight of the stoppered pycnometer and specimen(6.4),
19、W1= weight of the stoppered pycnometer filled with water(6.3), andW2= weight of the stoppered pycnometer, specimen, andwater (6.5).7.2 The absolute density of the specimen may be deter-mined by following the directions in Section 6, but makingcertain that all weighings are made at identical temperat
20、uresand in a dry atmosphere. If this precaution is taken, theabsolute density may be calculated as follows:G 5 W 2 p!/W12 p! 2 W22 W!# (2)Absolute density 5 G d 2 a!# 1 awhere:G = specific gravity with respect to water at temperature t,d = absolute density of water (from Table 1) at temperaturet,a =
21、 absolute density of air (from Table 2) at temperature t,andt = temperature at which all weighings were made.8. Report8.1 Report the following information:8.1.1 Designation of the material tested,8.1.2 Data sheet showing all weights and water tempera-tures. If the absolute density is required, air t
22、emperatures shallalso be shown, and8.1.3 Specific gravity (or absolute density, if required).Duplicate determinations shall be reported to the nearest 0.001.9. Precision and Bias9.1 It is generally accepted that duplicate determinationsshould not differ by more than 0.005. Additional specificinforma
23、tion to support a precision and bias statement is not yetavailable.10. Keywords10.1 fired ceramic whiteware materials; specific gravityTABLE 2 Absolute Density of Dry Air at 760-mm HgTemperature,CAbsolute Density, g/cm301234567890 0.001 293 0.001 288 0.001 284 0.001 279 0.001 274 0.001 270 0.001 265
24、 0.001 261 0.001 256 0.001 25210 0.001 247 0.001 243 0.001 239 0.001 234 0.001 230 0.001 226 0.001 221 0.001 217 0.001 213 0.001 20920 0.001 205 0.001 201 0.001 196 0.001 192 0.001 188 0.001 184 0.001 180 0.001 176 0.001 173 0.001 16930 0.001 165 . . . . . . . . .TABLE 1 Absolute Density of WaterTem
25、perature,CAbsolute Density, g/cm301234567890 0.999 841 0.999 900 0.999 941 0.999 965 0.999 973 0.999 965 0.999 941 0.999 902 0.999 849 0.999 78110 0.999 700 0.999 605 0.999 498 0.999 377 0.999 244 0.999 099 0.998 943 0.998 774 0.998 595 0.998 40520 0.998 203 0.997 992 0.997 770 0.997 538 0.997 296 0
26、.997 044 0.996 783 0.996 512 0.996 232 0.995 94430 0.995 646 . . . . . . . . .C 329 88 (2006)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determinat
27、ion of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withd
28、rawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your
29、 comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C 329 88 (2006)3
