1、Designation: C 357 07Standard Test Method forBulk Density of Granular Refractory Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 357; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining thebulk density of granular refractory materials, commercialproducts which usually hav
3、e particles that are retained on a0.265-in. (6.7-mm) or coarser sieve.NOTE 1This test method is not suitable for materials that hydrate inboiling water.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of thi
4、s standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposes3. Significance and Use3.1 Granular refractory materials
5、may be either refractorygrain raw materials that are used in the manufacture of finishedrefractory products, or bulk granular refractory materials thatare sold, with or without some degree of processing, torefractory consumers for various uses. In either case, charac-terizing the properties of a gra
6、nular refractory material isessential in evaluating its quality or consistency of quality andin determining suitability for end use. One of the importantproperties is bulk density because of its relationship to endproduct quality, usage, and performance.3.2 The refractories producer can use this tes
7、t method as oneof the quality-control tests for his manufactured or minedrefractory grain raw materials or for evaluating potentialrefractory grain raw materials.3.3 For the refractories consumer, the principal use of thistest method is in the evaluation of the quality or the consistencyof quality o
8、f the granular material in purchased refractorymixes or in bulk granular refractory materials used by theconsumer.3.4 This is a primary test method, and thus is suitable for usein specifications, quality control, and research and develop-ment. It can also serve as a referee test method in purchasing
9、contracts or agreements and as a base for development of morerapid, secondary test methods for use in quality control onmanufactured refractory raw materials.3.5 Fundamental assumptions inherent in this test methodare that the sample is representative of the material in general,the particle size of
10、the sample is within the range specified bythe test method, the material is not readily hydratable, and thesize and quantity of pores in the material permits removal ofsurface water without drainage from the pores themselves.Deviation from any of these assumptions negates the useful-ness of the test
11、 results.3.6 In interpreting the results of this test method, it must berecognized that the specific gravity of the material as well asthe porosity affects the value obtained for bulk density. Thus,comparisons of results should only be made between likematerials or with full recognition of inherent
12、differencesbetween the materials being compared.4. Apparatus4.1 Laboratory Jaw Crusher or Rolls, for crushing samplesto pass a 0.265-in. (6.7-mm) sieve.4.2 Standard Sieves, 0.265-in. and No. 8 (2.36-mm) withPan and Cover (Note 2)The sieves shall conform to Speci-fication E11.4.2.1 The coarser sieve
13、may be the No. 4 (4.75 mm) and thefiner sieve may be the No. 6 (3.35 mm) or No. 12 (1.70 mm),if tests indicate that the range in particle size is not critical.NOTE 2The 0.265-in., No. 4, No. 6, No. 8, and No. 12 ASTM sievesare equivalent to 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10-mesh, respectively, of the TylerStandard
14、 Series.34.3 Drying Oven, adjustable to 220 to 230F (105 to 110C).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of the ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on PhysicalProperties.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007. Published November 2007. Origina
15、llyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C 35794 (2002)e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page
16、onthe ASTM website.3World Screening, Suite 30148, Huntsville, AL 35802, Tel: 800-749-7999;Macon Wire, 2913 Joycliff Road, Macon, GA 31211, Tel: 800-768-9155; GilsonCompany, P.O. Box 200, Lewis Center, OH 43035, Tel 800-444-1508, www.glo-; Fisher Scientific, 2000 Park Lane, Pittsburgh, PA 15275, Tel.
17、4124908300, .1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.4 Riffle, with six or more12 to34-in. (13 to 19-mm)troughs with pans, or a smooth plate at least 15 in. (381 mm)square and a 300-mm blade spatula or trowel for samplequar
18、tering.4.5 Balance, capacity 200 g, sensitivity 0.01 g.4.6 Hot Plate.4.7 Beakers, 250 mL.4.8 Buret, 50 mL, calibrated to 0.1 mL.4.9 Le Chatelier Specific Gravity Bottle, 250 mL capacity.5. Test Samples5.1 The sample consists of at least 5.5 lb (2.5 kg) carefullyselected to represent the material bei
19、ng tested.5.2 When possible, take three or more such samples torepresent proportionate parts of the material, and test theseseparately.6. Preparation of Test Sample6.1 Crush each sample when necessary and screen dry topass the 0.265-in. (6.7-mm) sieve and be retained on the No. 8(2.36-mm) mesh sieve
20、 (Note 2). Take care to adjust the crusherso as to obtain some particles that will be retained on the0.265-in. sieve, thereby increasing the amount retained on thefiner sieve. The portion not passing the coarser sieve may berecrushed until it passes. The sieving may be carried out in amechanical dev
21、ice or by hand.6.2 After the sieving, treat various types of materials asfollows:6.2.1 With material that has been calcined and cooled notmore than 2 h prior to testing, blow free of dust with clean air(moisture- and oil-free).6.2.2 Wash other materials in a stream of tap water for atleast 5 min or
22、until all dust is removed. Oven-dry overnight at220 to 230F (105 to 110C).7. Procedure7.1 Divide the sample by quartering or riffling to obtain aportion for testing of about 25 cm3in bulk and weighingbetween 60 and 90 g, depending upon the bulk density. Weighthis sample to the nearest 10 mg and reco
23、rd as the dry weight.7.2 Place the test sample in a beaker of water and boil for 1h during which the grains shall be completely covered withwater. Cool the sample to room temperature by running coldwater into the beaker or by a similar method.7.3 Rinse the clean buret (Note 3) thoroughly and introdu
24、ceapproximately 25 mL of distilled water at room temperature.Allow it to stand until drops of water on the sides settle into thebody of liquid.NOTE 3Clean the burette or the Le Chatelier Specific Gravity Bottlefrequently with a good cleaning solution such as liquid soap to ensurecomplete drainage wi
25、thout drops of water forming on the inside walls.7.3.1 Alternately rinse the clean specific gravity bottle andfill with distilled water at room temperature as close to the 0mark as possible. Allow it to stand until drops of water on thesides settle into the body of liquid. Take a clean piece of spon
26、gethat is hooked to a stainless steel or copper wire and is longenough to reach to the bottom of the straight section. Insert thesponge into the bottle and with circular motion try to mop upany excess water from the sides. Make sure that the spongesurface does not touch the top of the water meniscus
27、. Recordthe level of water in the bottle to the nearest 0.05 mL indicatingif the level is below or above the 0 mark. If the level is at 0mark then record that.7.4 Totally saturate blotting cloth (smooth linen or lint freecotton) with water, then gently wring out to a no-drip condi-tion. Spread out d
28、amp cloth (landscape orientation) and pourwet grain carefully onto cloth, with no loss of particles. With asmall metal spatula, spread grain over left half of cloth to asingle grain layer. Fold right half of cloth over top of grain andgently pat to blot, without abrading any grain edges if possible.
29、Open cloth and, using edges, roll grain into center, then ontoleft half of cloth; repeat these steps as necessary until grainshave lost their sheen and no grains are adhering together. Careshould be taken to avoid excessive blotting that will induceerror by withdrawing water from the pores of the sp
30、ecimen.Open cloth and roll grain into center, using metal spatula toassist in grain transfer.7.5 Record the water meniscus level in the buret to thenearest 0.05 mL. Pour grains into the buret and shake so as tocause the grains and drops of water to submerge into the water,with no air bubbles attache
31、d. Read the new position on themeniscus to the nearest 0.05 mL without delay and record thedifference between the first and second readings as the volumeof the grains.7.5.1 Alternately pour grains into the specific gravity bottleslowly and shake slightly so as to cause the grains and drops ofwater t
32、o submerge into the water, with no air bubbles attached.Read the new position on the meniscus to the nearest 0.05 mLwithout delay. If the original reading was above 0 then subtractthat from the second reading. If the original reading was below0 then add that to the second reading to obtain the volum
33、e ofthe grains.7.6 Test materials that may hydrate in boiling water forignition loss, to learn whether hydration has taken place. Usetwo portions of the sample, one taken immediately beforeboiling and the second after the volume measurement in theburet.8. Report8.1 State in the report how the sample
34、 (or samples) wastaken and the grain size limits employed. Divide the dry weightof the sample by the volume and report the bulk density asmegagrams per cubic metre. If more than one sample wastested, state the number and report the average value as well asthe range between the highest and lowest val
35、ues obtained.8.2 If the loss on ignition has been determined in accor-dance with 7.6, report the values for dry and volume-testedmaterial. When the loss for the boiled material is higher thanthat of the dry material by more than 0.50 %, the results shallbe discarded and the test method considered in
36、applicable.9. Precision and Bias9.1 Interlaboratory DataAn interlaboratory study wasconducted in 1990 in which a sample of tabular alumina wassplit and tested in five laboratories. Three operators in eachlaboratory tested the material four times each for a total oftwelve tests per laboratory.C357072
37、9.2 PrecisionPrecision and relative precision data at the95 % confidence level are given in Table 1.9.3 BiasNo justifiable statement on bias can be madesince the true value cannot be established by an acceptedreference method.10. Keywords10.1 blotting cloth; boiling; bulk density; buret; granularref
38、ractor; material; non-hydratable; sheenASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the
39、riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of
40、this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldma
41、ke your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained
42、by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 1 Precision StatisticsPrecision:Average, x 3.53Standard within, Sr0.0164Deviation between, SR0.0182Repeatability interval, r 0.0459Reproducibility interval, R 0.0510Relative Precision:Average, x 3.53Coefficient of VariationWithin lab, Vr0.46Between lab, VR0.52Relative Repeatability, % r 1.30Relative Reproducibility, % R 1.45C357073
