1、Designation: C 361 05e1Standard Specification forReinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 361; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.e1NOTESection 8.4.1 was corrected editorially in August 2005.1. Scop
3、e1.1 This specification covers reinforced concrete pipe in-tended to be used for the construction of pressure pipelineswith low internal hydrostatic heads generally not exceeding125 ft.1.2 A complete metric companion to Specification C 361has been developedC 361M; therefore, no metric equivalentsare
4、 presented in this specification.NOTE 1Field tests on completed portions of the pipeline are notcovered by this specification for the manufacture of the pipe but should beincluded in specifications for pipe laying.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 27/A 27M Specification for Steel Castings
5、, Carbon, forGeneral ApplicationA 36/A 36M Specification for Carbon Structural SteelA 82/A 82M Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Con-crete ReinforcementA 185/A 185M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-forcement, Plain, for ConcreteA 283/A 283M Specification for Low and IntermediateTensil
6、e Strength Carbon Steel PlatesA 496/A 496M Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, forConcrete ReinforcementA 497/A 497M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-forcement, Deformed, for ConcreteA 570/A 570M Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip,Carbon, Hot-Rolled3A 575 Specification for Steel Ba
7、rs, Carbon, Merchant Qual-ity, M-GradesA 576 Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought,Special QualityA611 Specification for Structural Steel, Sheet, Carbon,Cold-Rolled3A 615/A 615M Specification for Deformed and PlainCarbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA 675/A 675M Specification for
8、 Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought, Special Quality, Mechanical PropertiesC 31/C 31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC 39/C 39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cy-lindrical Concrete SpecimensC 150 Specification for Port
9、land CementC 260 Specification forAir-EntrainingAdmixtures for Con-creteC 309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds for Curing ConcreteC 497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,or TileC 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC 618 Specification for Fly Ash and Raw
10、 or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC 822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsD 395 Test Methods for Rubber PropertyCompressionSetD 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic ElastomersTensionD 471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD 573
11、Test Method for RubberDeterioration in an AirOvenD 698 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 1149 Test Method for Rubber DeteriorationSurfaceOzone Cracking in a ChamberD 2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometerHardne
12、ssD 4253 Test Method for Maximum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.04 on Low HeadPressure Pipe.Current edition approved July 1, 2005. Pu
13、blished August 2005. Originallyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C 361 03ae1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards
14、 Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 4254 Test Method for Minimum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density2.2 Other Standards:ACI Code
15、 318 Standard Building Code Requirements forReinforced Concrete4AISI-C 101253. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to con-crete pipe, see Terminology C 822.4. Classification4.1 Pipe manufactured according to this specification shallbe for hydrostatic heads of 25, 50, 75, 100,
16、 and 125 ft measuredto the centerline of the pipe. Designs are provided in Table 1for the above hydrostatic heads combined with external load-ings of 5, 10, 15, and 20 ft (designated A, B, C, and D in Table1) of earth cover over the top of the pipe under specificinstallation conditions. The specific
17、 installation conditions arecovered in Appendix X1. Where the hydrostatic head, externalloadings, and installation conditions vary from those given inTable 1 andAppendix X1, detailed design calculations shall bemade.The design criteria forTable 1 are presented inAppendixX2.5. Basis of Acceptance5.1
18、Acceptability of the pipe in all diameters and classesshall be determined by the results of such material tests as arerequired in 6.2 through 6.9 by crushing tests on cured concretecylinders, by hydrostatic pressure tests on units of the pipe, byjoint leakage tests, and by inspection during or after
19、 manufac-ture to determine whether the pipe conforms to this specifica-tion as to design and freedom from defects.5.2 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready foracceptance when they conform to the requirements, as indi-cated by the specified tests.6. Materials6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe rein
20、forced concrete shallconsist of portland cement, mineral aggregates, and water, inwhich steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steeland concrete act together. Fly ash or pozzolan is not prohibitedwhen used as a partial cement replacement; see 9.1.6.2 Cementitious Materials:6.2.1 Cement:6.
21、2.1.1 Portland CementPortland cement shall conformto the requirements of Specification C 150.6.2.1.2 Blended CementBlended cement shall conform tothe requirements of Specification C 595 for Type IS portlandblast furnace slag cement or Type IPportland pozzolan cement,except that the pozzolan constitu
22、ent in the Type IP portlandpozzolan cement shall not exceed 20 % by weight.6.2.2 Fly Ash or PozzolanFly ash or pozzolan shallconform to the requirements of Specification C 618.6.2.3 Allowable Cementitious MaterialsThe combinationof cementitious materials used in the concrete shall be one ofthe follo
23、wing:6.2.3.1 Portland cement only,6.2.3.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only, or6.2.3.3 Portland pozzolan cement only.6.2.3.4 A combination of portland cement and fly ash orpozzolan, wherein the proportion of fly ash or pozzolan isbetween 5 and 20 % by weight of total cementitious material(port
24、land cement plus fly ash or pozzolan).6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to SpecificationC33, except that the requirements for grading are waived.6.4 AdmixturesAdmixtures, except for air-entrainingagents, shall not be added to the concrete unless permitted bythe owner. At the option of the manuf
25、acturer, or if specified bythe owner, the concrete in precast concrete pipe placed by thecast-and-vibrated method shall contain an air-entraining agentconforming to Specification C 260. The amount of air-entraining agent used shall be such as will affect the entrain-ment of not more than 3 % air by
26、volume of concrete asdischarged from the mixer.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwire conforming to Specification A 82, Specification A 496, orof wire fabric conforming to Specification A 185 or Specifica-tion A 497, or of bars of Grade 40 steel conforming toSpecification A 615/A
27、615M.6.6 Steel for Joint Rings:6.6.1 Steel strips for bell rings less than14 in. thick shallconform to Grade 30 of Specification A 570/A 570M or GradeDesignation 1012 of Specification A 575. Steel that meets therequirements of AISI-C1012 for chemical components will beacceptable provided it conforms
28、 to Grade 30 of SpecificationA 570/A 570M in other respects.6.6.2 Steel plate for bell rings14 in. or more in thickness andspecial shapes for spigot joint rings shall conform to Specifi-cation A 36/A 36M, or to Grade A of Specification A 283/A 283M, or to Grade Designation 1012 of SpecificationA 576
29、,or to Grade 50 of Specification A 675/A 675M. Steel thatmeets the requirements of AISI-C1012 for chemical compo-nents will be acceptable provided it conforms to SpecificationA 36/A 36M or to Specification A 283/A 283Min other re-spects.6.7 Steel Castings for FittingsSteel castings for fittingsshall
30、 conform to Grade 70-36, Normalized, of SpecificationA 27/A 27M.6.8 Steel Plates and Sheets for Specials and FittingsSteel plates for specials and fittings shall conform to Specifi-cation A 36/A 36M or to Grade B or C of SpecificationA 283/A 283M or Grade 30 or 33 of Specification A 570/A 570M or Gr
31、ade B of Specification A611.6.9 Rubber Gaskets:6.9.1 Composition and PropertiesAll rubber gaskets shallbe extruded or molded and cured in such a manner that anycross section will be dense, homogeneous, and free of porosity,blisters, pitting, and other imperfections. The gaskets shall beof a solid ci
32、rcular cross section and shall be extruded or molded4Available from the American Concrete Institute, 38800 Country Club Dr.,Farmington Hills, MI 48331.5Available fromAmerican Iron and Steel Institute, 1140 ConnecticutAve., Suite705, Washington D.C. 20036.C36105e12to the specified size within a diame
33、trical tolerance of 6164 in.or 61.5 % of the diameter, whichever is larger. The basicpolymer shall be natural rubber, synthetic rubber, or a blend ofboth. The properties enumerated below shall be determined inaccordance with 10.5.6.9.1.1 Standard Gasket RequirementsThe compoundshall meet the followi
34、ng for physical requirements (see alsoTest Methods D 412):Tensile strength, min, psi 2300Elongation at break, min, % 425Shore durometer hardness, nominal:Min 40AMax 60ACompression set, max, % of original deflection 20Accelerated aging, max, % of originalDecrease in tensile strength 15Decrease in elo
35、ngation 20Liquid immersion, max, % weight increaseWater absorption 5Ozone resistance no visible cracking in accord-ance with Test MethodD 1149AAllowable variation 65 from manufacturers specified nominal hardness.6.9.1.2 Oil Resistant Gasket Requirements The com-pound shall contain not less than 50 %
36、 by volume oil resistantpolymer and shall meet the following physical requirements:Tensile strength, min, psi 1500Elongation at break, min, % 350Shore durometer hardness, nominal:Min 40AMax 60ADurometer aging, max, increase 15Compression set, max, % of original deflection 20Accelerated aging, max, %
37、 of originalDecrease in tensile strength 20Decrease in elongation 40Liquid immersion, max, % volume change:Oil, in ASTM #3 (70 h at 212F) 80Water absorption 15Ozone resistance, 72 h exposure in 50PPHM ozone concentration at 104Fno visible cracking in accord-ance with Test MethodD 1149AAllowable vari
38、ation 65 from manufacturers specified nominal hardness.6.9.1.3 Durometer HardnessThe shore durometer hard-ness shall be in the range of from 35 to 50 for concrete spigotsand 35 to 65 for steel spigots where the range includes theallowable variation as given in 6.9.1.1 and 6.9.1.2.6.9.2 StorageAll ru
39、bber shall be stored in as cool a placeas practicable, preferably at 70F or less, and in no case shallthe rubber for joints be exposed to the direct rays of the sun formore than 72 h.6.10 Gasket Lubricants:6.10.1 Where the joint design utilizing a rubber gasketdictates the use of a lubricant to faci
40、litate assembly, thelubricant composition shall have no detrimental effect on theperformance of the gasket and joint due to prolonged exposure.6.10.2 StorageThe lubricant shall be stored in accordancewith the lubricant manufacturers recommended temperaturerange.6.10.3 CertificationWhen requested by
41、the owner, themanufacturer shall furnish written certification that the jointlubricant conforms to all requirements of this specification forthe specific gaskets supplied.6.10.4 MarkingThe following information shall beclearly marked on each container of lubricant.6.10.4.1 Name of lubricant manufact
42、urer.6.10.4.2 Usable temperature range for application and stor-age.6.10.4.3 Shelf life.6.10.4.4 Lot or batch number.7. Design7.1 Design TablesThe diameter, wall thickness, compres-sive strength of the concrete, and the area of circumferentialreinforcement shall be as prescribed for the classes of c
43、om-bined hydrostatic head and external loading given in Table 1subject to the provisions of 7.2, 7.4, 7.5, 10.3, 11.1, 11.2, and11.5.7.2 Modified and Special DesignManufacturers shall sub-mit to the owner, for approval prior to manufacture, detaileddesigns for loading or installation conditions othe
44、r than thoseshown in Table 1. Such pipe must meet all of the tests andperformance requirements specified by the owner in accor-dance with Section 5.7.3 Laying LengthsThe maximum laying lengths of pipeunits that will be acceptable are as follows and are subject tothe provisions of 11.4:Internal Diame
45、ter of Pipe, in. Maximum Laying Length of Pipe, ft12 to 15 1218 1421 to 24 1627 to 30 1833 to 36 2039 and larger 247.4 Placement of ReinforcementThe circumferential rein-forcement shall be a single-cage circular, double-cage circular,or elliptical cage as shown in Table 1. Elliptical reinforcementwi
46、ll be permitted for 25 and 50-ft head classes only and onlyin pipe 18 to 72 in. in diameter, inclusive. All pipe with a wallthickness of less than 314 in. shall be reinforced with either acircular cage or a single elliptical cage of steel as provided inTable 1.All pipe with wall thickness of 314 in.
47、 and greater shallbe reinforced with either two separate cages or a singleelliptical cage of steel as provided in Table 1, except that forpipe sizes 36 in. and less with wall thicknesses equal to orgreater than 314 in., a single circular cage is not prohibited ifthe steel area is equal to or greater
48、 than the least area shown fora single circular cage for that particular class of pipe. The areasof circumferential reinforcement shown in Table 1 are thedesign requirements for each of the wall thicknesses shown inthe table. Where single-cage circular reinforcement is used, thecenter-line of the re
49、inforcement shall be placed from 40 to50 % of the wall thickness from the inner surface of the pipe,provided that the minimum concrete cover specified belowshall be maintained. Where two separated circular cages ofreinforcement are used, the inner and outer cages shall beplaced so that the concrete cover, measured radially, over thecircumferential reinforcement will be as follows:Pipe Diameter, in. Minimum Cover, in. Maximum Cover, in.45 and less34 148 through 6034 11863 through 6934 11472 through 108 1 1127.4.1 These limits on minimu
