1、Designation: C 361M 08Standard Specification forReinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe (Metric)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 361M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers reinforced concrete pi
3、pe in-tended to be used for the construction of pressure pipelineswith low internal hydrostatic heads generally not exceeding375 kPa.1.2 This specification is the SI companion to SpecificationC 361. It is compatible in technical content.NOTE 1Field tests on completed portions of the pipeline are not
4、covered by this specification for the manufacture of the pipe but should beincluded in specifications for pipe laying.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 27/A 27M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, forGeneral ApplicationA 36/A 36M Specification for Carbon Structural SteelA 82/A 82M S
5、pecification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Con-crete ReinforcementA 185/A 185M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-forcement, Plain, for ConcreteA 283/A 283M Specification for Low and IntermediateTensile Strength Carbon Steel PlatesA 496/A 496M Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, forConcrete R
6、einforcementA 497/A 497M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-forcement, Deformed, for ConcreteA 575 Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Merchant Qual-ity, M-GradesA 576 Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought,Special QualityA 615/A 615M Specification for Deformed and PlainCarbon-Ste
7、el Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA 675/A 675M Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought, Special Quality, Mechanical PropertiesA 1008/A 1008M Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy,High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, So-lution
8、 Hardened, and Bake HardenableA 1011/A 1011M Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip,Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy,High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, andUltra-High StrengthC 31/C 31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC33 Spec
9、ification for Concrete AggregatesC 39/C 39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cy-lindrical Concrete SpecimensC 150 Specification for Portland CementC 260 Specification forAir-EntrainingAdmixtures for Con-creteC 309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds for Curing ConcreteC 497M
10、Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sec-tions, or Tile MetricC 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC 822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC 1619 Specification for Elasto
11、meric Seals for Joining Con-crete StructuresD 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils Using a Vibratory TableD 4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Den
12、sity and UnitWeight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density2.2 Other Standard:ACI Code 318 Standard Building Code Requirements forReinforced Concrete3AISI-C101241This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C
13、13.04 on Low HeadPressure Pipe.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2008. Published December 2008. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C 361M 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. Fo
14、r Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.concrete.org.4Available from the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), 114
15、0 ConnecticutAve. NW, Suite 705, Washington D.C. 20036, http:/www.steel.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to con-crete pipe, see Terminology C 822.4. Cl
16、assification4.1 Pipe manufactured according to this specification shallbe for hydrostatic heads of 75, 150, 225, 300, and 375 kPameasured to the centerline of the pipe. Designs are provided inTable 1 for the above hydrostatic heads combined with externalloadings of 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 (designated
17、 A, B, C, and D inTable 1) of earth cover over the top of the pipe under specificinstallation conditions. The specific installation conditions arecovered in Appendix X1. Where the hydrostatic head, externalloadings, and installation conditions vary from those given inTable 1 andAppendix X1, detailed
18、 design calculations shall bemade.The design criteria forTable 1 are presented inAppendixX2.5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 Acceptability of the pipe in all diameters and classesshall be determined by the results of such material tests as arerequired in 6.2 through 6.9 by crushing tests on cured concretec
19、ylinders, by hydrostatic pressure tests on units of the pipe, byjoint leakage tests, and by inspection during or after manufac-ture to determine whether the pipe conforms to this specifica-tion as to design and freedom from defects.5.2 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready foracceptance w
20、hen they conform to the requirements, as indi-cated by the specified tests.6. Materials6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shallconsist of portland cement, mineral aggregates, and water, inwhich steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steeland concrete act together. Fly ash or p
21、ozzolan is not prohibitedwhen used as a partial cement replacement; see 9.1.6.2 Cementitious Materials:6.2.1 Cement:6.2.1.1 Portland CementPortland cement shall conformto the requirements of Specification C 150.6.2.1.2 Blended Hydraulic CementBlended cement shallconform to the requirements of Specif
22、ication C 595 for Type ISportland blast furnace slag cement or Type IP portland poz-zolan cement, except that the pozzolan constituent in the TypeIP portland pozzolan cement shall not exceed 20 % by weight.6.2.2 Fly Ash or PozzolanFly ash or pozzolan shallconform to the requirements of Specification
23、 C 618.6.2.3 Allowable Cementitious MaterialsThe combinationof cementitious materials used in the concrete shall be one ofthe following:6.2.3.1 Portland cement only,6.2.3.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only,6.2.3.3 Portland pozzolan cement only, or6.2.3.4 A combination of portland cement and f
24、ly ash orpozzolan, wherein the proportion of fly ash or pozzolan isbetween 5 and 20 % by weight of total cementitious material(portland cement plus fly ash or pozzolan).6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to SpecificationC 33, except that the requirements for grading are waived.6.4 AdmixturesAdmi
25、xtures, except for air-entrainingagents, shall not be added to the concrete unless permitted bythe owner. At the option of the manufacturer, or if specified bythe owner, the concrete in precast concrete pipe placed by thecast-and-vibrated method shall contain an air-entraining agentconforming to Spe
26、cification C 260. The amount of air-entraining agent used shall be such as will affect the entrain-ment of not more than 3 % air by volume of concrete asdischarged from the mixer.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwire conforming to Specification A 82/A 82M, SpecificationA 496/A 49
27、6M, or of wire reinforcement conforming to Speci-fication A 185/A 185M or Specification A 497/A 497M, or ofbars of Grade 300 steel conforming to Specification A 615/A 615M.6.6 Steel for Joint Rings:6.6.1 Steel strips for bell rings less than 6 mm thick shallconform to Grade SS30 of Specification A 1
28、011/A 1011M orGrade Designation 1012 of Specification A 575. Steel thatmeets the requirements of AISI-C1012 for chemical compo-nents will be acceptable provided it conforms to Grade SS30 ofSpecification A 1011/A 1011M in other respects.6.6.2 Steel plate for bell rings 6 mm or more in thicknessand sp
29、ecial shapes for spigot joint rings shall conform toSpecification A 36/A 36M, or to Grade A of SpecificationA 283/A 283M, or to Grade Designation 1012 of SpecificationA 576, or to Grade 50 of Specification A 675/A 675M. Steelthat meets the requirements of AISI-C1012 for chemicalcomponents will be ac
30、ceptable provided it conforms to Speci-fication A 36/A 36M or to Specification A 283/A 283M inother respects.6.7 Steel Castings for FittingsSteel castings for fittingsshall conform to Grade 70-36, Normalized, of SpecificationA 27/A 27M.6.8 Steel Plates and Sheets for Specials and FittingsSteelplates
31、 for specials and fittings shall conform to SpecificationA 36/A 36M or to Grade B or C of Specification A 283/A 283M or Grade SS30 or SS33 of Specification A 1011/A 1011M or Grade SS30 of Specification A 1008/A 1008M.6.9 Rubber Gaskets:6.9.1 Composition and PropertiesAll rubber gaskets shallcomply w
32、ith Specification C 1619 in terms of material andmanufacture. The gaskets shall be of a solid circular crosssection and shall be extruded or molded to the specified sizewithin a diametrical tolerance of 60.4 mm or 61.5 % of thediameter, whichever is larger.6.9.1.1 Standard Gasket RequirementsAll rub
33、ber gasketsshall meet the dimensions, tolerances, and physical require-ments of Specification C 1619, Class A.6.9.1.2 Oil Resistant Gasket RequirementsAll rubber gas-kets shall meet the dimensions, tolerances, and physicalrequirements of Specification C 1619, Class B.6.9.1.3 Durometer HardnessThe sh
34、ore hardness shall bein the range of from 35 to 50 for concrete spigots and 35 to 65for steel spigots where the range includes the allowablevariation 65 from the manufacturers specified hardness,provided the actual hardness is within the limits of 35 to 65.6.10 Gasket Lubricants:C361M0826.10.1 Where
35、 the joint design utilizing a rubber gasketdictates the use of a lubricant to facilitate assembly, thelubricant composition shall have no detrimental effect on theperformance of the gasket and joint due to prolonged exposure.6.10.2 StorageThe lubricant shall be stored in accordancewith the lubricant
36、 manufacturers recommended temperaturerange.6.10.3 CertificationWhen requested by the owner, themanufacturer shall furnish written certification that the jointlubricant conforms to all requirements of this specification forthe specific gaskets supplied.6.10.4 MarkingThe following information shall b
37、eclearly marked on each container of lubricant.6.10.4.1 Name of lubricant manufacturer.6.10.4.2 Usable temperature range for application and stor-age.6.10.4.3 Shelf life.6.10.4.4 Lot or batch number.7. Design7.1 Design TablesThe diameter, wall thickness, compres-sive strength of the concrete, and th
38、e area of circumferentialreinforcement shall be as prescribed for the classes of com-bined hydrostatic head and external loading given in Table 1subject to the provisions of 7.2, 7.4, 7.5, 10.3, 11.1, 11.2, and11.5.7.2 Modified and Special DesignManufacturers shall sub-mit to the owner, for approval
39、 prior to manufacture, detaileddesigns for loading or installation conditions other than thoseshown in Table 1. Such pipe must meet all of the tests andperformance requirements specified by the owner in accor-dance with Section 5.7.3 Laying LengthsThe maximum laying lengths of pipeunits that will be
40、 acceptable are as follows and are subject tothe provisions of 11.4:Internal Diameter ofPipe, mmMaximum LayingLength of Pipe, m300 to 375 3.66450 4.27525 to 600 4.88675 to 750 5.49825 to 900 6.10975 and larger 7.327.4 Placement of ReinforcementThe circumferential rein-forcement shall be a single-cag
41、e circular, double-cage circular,or elliptical cage as shown in Table 1. Elliptical reinforcementwill be permitted for 75 and 150-kPa head classes only andonly in pipe 450 to 1800 mm in diameter, inclusive. All pipewith a wall thickness of less than 82 mm shall be reinforcedwith either a circular ca
42、ge or a single elliptical cage of steel asprovided in Table 1.All pipe with wall thickness of 82 mm andgreater shall be reinforced with either two separate cages or asingle elliptical cage of steel as provided in Table 1, except thatfor pipe sizes 900 mm and less with wall thicknesses equal toor gre
43、ater than 82 mm, a single circular cage is not prohibitedif the steel area is equal to or greater than the least area shownfor a single circular cage for the particular class of pipe. Theareas of circumferential reinforcement shown in Table 1 are thedesign requirements for each of the wall thickness
44、es shown inthe table. Where single-cage circular reinforcement is used, thecenter-line of the reinforcement shall be placed from 40 to50 % of the wall thickness from the inner surface of the pipe,provided that the minimum concrete cover specified belowshall be maintained. Where two separated circula
45、r cages ofreinforcement are used, the inner and outer cages shall beplaced so that the concrete cover, measured radially, over thecircumferential reinforcement will be as follows:Minimum MaximumPipe Diameter, Cover, Cover,mm mm mm1125 and less 19 251200 through 1500 19 291575 through 1725 19 321800
46、through 2700 25 387.4.1 These limits on minimum and maximum cover areapplicable to elliptical steel at the horizontal and vertical axesof the pipe. The circumferential reinforcement at each end ofthe pipe unit shall consist of one complete coil or ring in whichthe end is lapped or welded as prescrib
47、ed in 7.6. The cleardistance of the end coil or ring shall not be less than 13 mm ormore than 25 mm from the end of the pipe unit, except thisrequirement does not apply to the inner layer of circumferentialreinforcement in joints utilizing steel bell and spigot rings,provided that the clear distance
48、 restrictions will not apply for adistance of 20 bar diameters measured circumferentially fromthe end of the lap or weld.7.4.2 A cage of circumferential reinforcement with Table 1areas greater than 950 mm2/linear m of pipe shall be composedof one or two layers of reinforcement, and cage areas greate
49、rthan 1910 mm2/linear m of pipe shall be composed of one, two,or three layers. The layers shall not be separated by more thanthe thickness of one longitudinal plus 6 mm.The layers shall befastened together to form a single rigid cage. Where inner andouter cages are used, the minimum clear spacing between thetwo cage systems shall be 0.25 times the wall thickness. Allother specification requirements such as laps, welds, concretecover, and tolerances of placement in the wall of the pipe, etc.,shall apply to this method for fabrication of a cage ofreinforc
