1、Designation: C 417 05Standard Test Method forThermal Conductivity of Unfired Monolithic Refractories1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 417; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C 201, andshall be used in conjunction with that test method for deter-mining the therm
3、al conductivity of unfired monolithic refrac-tories.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purpor
4、t to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 182
5、 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of InsulatingFirebrickC 201 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refracto-riesC 862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Speci-mens by CastingC 1054 Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plasticand Ramming Mix SpecimensE 220 Test Method for Calibr
6、ation of Thermocouples byComparison Techniques3. Significance and Use3.1 The thermal conductivity of monolithic refractories is aproperty required for selecting their thermal transmissioncharacteristics. Users select monolithic refractories to providespecified conditions of heat loss and cold face t
7、emperature,without exceeding the temperature limitation of the monolithicrefractory. This test method establishes placement of thermo-couples and positioning of test specimens in the calorimeter.3.2 This procedure must be used with Test Method C 201and requires a large thermal gradient and steady st
8、ate condi-tions. The results are based upon a mean temperature.3.3 The data from this test method are suitable for specifi-cation acceptance, estimating heat loss and surface tempera-ture, and the design of multi-layer refractory construction.3.4 The use of these data requires consideration of the a
9、ctualapplication environment and conditions.4. Apparatus4.1 The apparatus shall be in accordance with Test MethodC 201, modified as in 4.2 of this test method, with the additionof thermocouples and refractory fiber paper, as described inSections 6 and 7.4.2 The furnace shall be modified by drilling
10、a nominal38-in. (10-mm) diameter hole (Fig. 1) through the insulatingfirebrick in the furnace wall at each end of the center line of the18-in. (456-mm) dimension of the furnace cavity. These holesshall be positioned so that the length of the hole will be parallelto the calorimeter surface and the bo
11、ttom of the hole willcoincide with the surface of the calorimeter. Copper tubingshall be placed within each hole so that a compressed-airsource can be attached to one side and flexible leads to aflowmeter can be attached to the other.4.3 A compressed-air supply and flowmeter for air.5. Test Specimen
12、s5.1 Castable RefractoriesThe test specimens may consistof either a panel 18 by 1312 by 212 in. (456 by 342 by 64 mm),or an assembly of three straights 9 by 412 by 212 in. (228 by114 by 64 mm) and six soaps 9 by 214 by 212 in. (228 by 57by 64 mm). These specimens shall be prepared as in one of thefo
13、llowing methods and in general accordance with the manu-facturers recommendation for water content and PracticeC 862.5.1.1 Panel SpecimensThis test specimen shall be amonolithic panel 18 by 1312 by 212 in. (456 by 342 by 64 mm)in size, and shall be prepared in general accordance withPractice C 862,
14、as outlined in 5.1. The panel shall be cast in asteel mold with two steel rods (Note 1) taped in place at thecenter line of the 18-in. length of the mold cavity. These steelrods form the slot required so that the panel will fit over the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C0
15、8 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.02 on ThermalProperties.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2005. Published January 2006. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as C 417 93 (1998).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, w
16、ww.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.tub
17、ing used for the entrance and exhaust of air and moisturefrom the furnace (see Fig. 1).NOTE 1Two12-in. (13-mm) diameter steel rods 2 in. (51 mm) longshould have approximately132 in. (0.8 mm) removed longitudinally toprovide a flat base.5.1.2 Straight SpecimensThis test specimen shall be three9by412
18、by 212-in. (228 by 114 by 64-mm) straight brick andsix9by214 by 212-in. (228 by 57 by 64-mm) soap brick andshall be prepared in accordance with Practice C 862,asoutlined in 5.1 and 5.1.1, and by cutting as required. The 9 by412-in. face of the three straight brick and the 9 by 214-in. faceof the soa
19、p brick shall be flat and parallel, and the thicknessshall not vary more than 60.01 in. (60.3 mm). No grinding ofthe finish face is required if care is taken when removing theexcess mix with the strikeoff bar and slicking the exposedsurface with a minimum amount of troweling. Steel rods(described in
20、 Note 1) shall be used in two cavities to providethe required slots for air entry and exit.5.2 Plastic RefractoriesThe test specimens shall be of thesize and number described in 4.1 of Test Method C 201, andshall be prepared in accordance with Practice C 1054 and 3.2of Test Method C 201. The soap sp
21、ecimens shall be preparedby cutting dry 9-in. (228-mm) straight specimens with asuitable abrasive cut-off saw. The soap brick adjacent to the9-in. face of the guard brick shall be slotted with a suitableabrasive cut-off saw at the center line of the 9-in. length to fitover the tubing used for the en
22、trance, and exhaust of the air andmoisture.5.3 Specimen Curing and DryingAfter the specified cur-ing, the specimens shall be placed in a dryer at 250F (120C)for a minimum of 24 h, or until constant mass has beenachieved.6. Installation of Thermocouples in Test Specimen6.1 ThermocouplesEmbed calibrat
23、ed thermocouples3inthe test specimen at two points for measurement of tempera-ture. Use platinum-10 % rhodium/platinum, Awg Gauge 28(0.320-mm) wire in making the thermocouples.6.2 Installation of Thermocouples:6.2.1 For castable specimens prepared in accordance with5.1.1, use the following thermocou
24、ple installation procedure.Place the hot junction of the thermocouples in the center ofeach 18 by 1312-in. (456 by 342-mm) face and just below thesurface of the test specimen. Cut grooves to receive the wire ineach 18 by 1312-in. face to a depth of132 in. (0.8 mm) bymeans of an abrasive wheel 0.02 i
25、n. (0.5 mm) in thickness. Thelayout for the grooves allows all of the cold-junction ends ofthe wires to extend from one end of the specimen. Cut a groovein the center of each 18 by 1312-in. face along the 18-in.dimension and ending 112 in. (38 mm) from the center point ofthe specimen. Extend the pat
26、h of each groove at an angle of 90to one end of the specimen by cutting grooves parallel to the1312-in. edges and 112 in. from the center point of thespecimen. Before cementing the thermocouple wires in place,take measurements to obtain, within 0.01 in. (0.3 mm), theeventual distance between the cen
27、ter lines of the thermocouplejunctions. Do this by measuring the 212-in. (64-mm) dimensionof the specimens at the location for the hot junctions anddeducting the distance between the center line of each junctionin its embedded position and the surface of the specimen.6.2.2 For castable specimens pre
28、pared in accordance with5.1.2 and plastic refractory specimens prepared in accordancewith 5.2, use the following thermocouple installation proce-dure. Place the hot junction of the thermocouples in the centerof each 9 by 412-in. (228 by 114-mm) face, and just below thesurface of the test specimen. C
29、ut grooves to receive the wire ineach9by412-in. face of the brick to a depth of132 in. (0.8 mm)by means of an abrasive wheel 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) in thickness.The layout for the grooves allows all of the cold-junction endsof the wires to extend from one end of the brick. Cut a groovein the center of ea
30、ch 9 by 412-in. face along the 412-in.dimension, and ending 1 in. (25 mm) from the edge of thespecimen. Before cementing the thermocouple wires in placetake measurements to obtain within 60.01 in. (60.3 mm) theeventual distance between the center lines of the thermocouplejunctions. Do this by measur
31、ing the 212-in. (64-mm) dimensionof the brick at the location for the hot junctions and deducting3Test Method E 220 specifies thermocouple calibration procedures for thermo-couples.AInlet airBExhaust airCTransite boardDGroup 16 IFBEGroup 28 IFBFGroup 28 grindingsGCalorimeter assemblyHCopper tubing,
32、nominal38-in. (10-mm) diameterICenter calorimeterFIG. 1 Furnace ModificationC417052the distance between the center line of each junction in itsembedded position and the surface of the brick.7. Set-Up of Specimen and Silicon Carbide Slab7.1 Specimen Set-up:7.1.1 For castable specimens prepared in acc
33、ordance with5.1.1, use the following set-up procedure. Place two strips ofrefractory fiber paper 18 by12 by 0.02 in. (456 by 13 by0.5 mm) along the 18-in. dimension on the outer guard. Thesestrips, used to prevent contact between the test material and thecalorimeter assembly, also provide a passage
34、for the flow of air.Push in a copper tube installed at each end of the furnace andposition where their open ends are flush with the inside edge ofthe outer guard assembly. Pack the openings in the furnacewalls where the tubes enter with ceramic fiber. Place the testspecimen centrally over the center
35、 of the calorimeter and outerguard assembly on its 18 by 1312-in. (456 by 342-mm) face.Fill the small space between the furnace walls and the testspecimen with granular insulating firebrick or ceramic fiber(Fig. 2).7.1.2 For castable specimens prepared in accordance with5.1.2 and plastic refractory
36、samples prepared in accordancewith 5.2, use the following set-up procedure. Place two stripsof refractory fiber paper 1312 by12 by 0.02 in. (342 by 13 by0.5 mm) along the 1312-in. dimension of the inner guard at theoutside edges. Place twelve strips of refractory fiber paper 2 by12 by 0.02 in. (51 b
37、y 13 by 0.5 mm) on the outer guard atintervals where the soap-brick ends are placed. (See Fig. 1 ofTest Method C 182.) These strips serve as spacers to preventcontact between the test material and the calorimeter assembly,and provide for passage of air. Push in the copper tubesinstalled at each end
38、of the furnace and position where theiropen ends are flush with the inside edge of the outer guardassembly. Pack the openings in the furnace walls where thetubes enter with ceramic fiber. Place the test specimen centrallyover the center of the calorimeter section on its 9 by 412-in.(228 by 114-mm) f
39、ace, place the guard brick at the sides of thetest specimen so as to cover completely the calorimeter andinner guard area, and place the soap brick around the edge ofthe three bricks, so as to cover completely the calorimeterAInlet airBExhaust airCTransite boardDGroup 16 IFBEGroup 28 IFBFGroup 28 gr
40、indingsGCalorimeter assemblyHCopper tubing, nominal38-in. (10-mm) diameterIMonolithic panel, 18 by 1312 by 212 in. (456 by 342 by 64 mm)JRefractory fiber paperKSilicon carbide plate, 1358 by9by34 in. (346 by 228 by 19 mm)LCenter calorimeterFIG. 2 Monolithic Panel SpecimenC417053assembly. Fill the sm
41、all space between the furnace walls andthe test brick assembly with a granulated insulating firebrick orceramic fiber (Fig. 3).7.2 Silicon Carbide SlabPlace the silicon carbide slabcentrally over the test specimen, spacing it 1 in. (25 mm) abovethe specimen or specimen assembly by placing under each
42、corner of the slab rectangular pieces of a high-aluminarefractory cut to measure38 in. (10 mm) square and 1in. long.8. Procedure8.1 Place the heating chamber in position, start the waterflowing through the calorimeter assembly, and apply thecurrent to the heating unit. Maintain the rate of water flo
43、wthrough the calorimeter between 120 and 200 g/min anddetermine the flow by weighing the quantity of water collectedduring a measured time period. The mass of water collectedshall be not less than 200 g and shall be weighed to an accuracyof 0.5 g. The rate of flow shall be constant within 1 % during
44、the test period.8.2 Allow the furnace to reach a temperature of 500F(260C) as recorded by the control thermocouple, and soak forat least 2 h. Introduce compressed air to the copper tubing andadjust the flow rate to provide 0.5 ft3/h (14.2 dm3/h). See Fig.1 and Fig. 2 for furnace modification detail
45、and specimenmodification detail. This is determined with a flowmeterconnected to the exhaust vent. After the flow is adjusted,disconnect the flexible hose and allow the exhaust to escape tofree air. After exhausting moisture for 10 h, shut off the airsupply and plug the outlet only with ceramic fibe
46、r. Maintainthis temperature until a condition of steady heat flow has beenreached. This will require 12 to 16 h. A steady heat flow shallbe that condition when the measured flow of heat into thecalorimeter varies less than 2 % over a 2-h period, duringwhich time the temperature difference between th
47、e calorimeterand the inner guard has not been more than 0.05F (0.03C),the hot face of the test specimen has not varied more than 5F(3C), and the temperature of the water entering the calorim-eter has not varied at a rate of more than 1F (0.5C)/h.AInlet airBExhaust airCTransite boardDGroup 16 IFBEGro
48、up 28 IFBFGroup 28 grindingsGCalorimeter assemblyHCopper tubing, nominal38-in. (10-mm) diameterISilicon carbide plate, 1358 by9by34 in. (346 by 228 by 19 mm)JTest brick, 9 by 412 by 212 in. (228 by 114 by 64 mm)KRefractory fiber paperLCenter calorimeterFIG. 3 Straight SpecimenC4170548.3 After the st
49、eady state of heat flow has been reached,measure the temperatures in the test specimen, the rate of waterflow through the calorimeter, and the temperature rise of thewater flowing through the calorimeter. Take at least four sets ofreadings at approximately 30-min intervals during the 2-hholding period, and average these for the final values for thatparticular heating chamber temperature. Calculate the thermalconductivity.NOTE 2From these data a preliminary thermal conductivity cal
