1、Designation: C429 01 (Reapproved 2011)C429 16Standard Test Method forSieve Analysis of Raw Materials for Glass Manufacture1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C429; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the sieve analysis of common raw materials for glass manufacture, such as sand, soda
3、-ash,limestone, alkali-alumina silicates, and other granular materials used in glass batch.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associ
4、ated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C92 Test Methods for Sieve Analysis and Water Content of Refra
5、ctory MaterialsC325 Guide for Wet Sieve Analysis of Ceramic Whiteware ClaysC371 Test Method for Wire-Cloth Sieve Analysis of Nonplastic Ceramic PowdersD346 Practice for Collection and Preparation of Coke Samples for Laboratory AnalysisE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
6、E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot orProcess3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 unit for samplingsampling, na carload lot or t
7、ruckload lot of bulk material, or the entire shipment of bagged material.3.1.2 sublotsub lot, na fraction of a shipment of bagged material, such as 110 or 120 of the lot.3.1.3 gross samplesample, nthe total number of sample increments taken from the lot.3.1.4 sample incrementincrement, nan individua
8、l portion of the gross sample taken from the lot at a definite time orlocation, or both; increments shall be of nearly equal weight or volume, or both.3.1.4.1 DiscussionA 2.2 to 4.5-kg (5 to 10-lb) increment generally is satisfactory in sampling raw materials for glass manufacture, for determiningpa
9、rticle size distribution.3.1.5 laboratory samplesample, na 0.9 to 1.8-kg (2 to 4-lb) representative fraction of the gross sample.3.1.6 test specimenspecimen, na 100 to 150-g representative fraction of the laboratory sample.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of this test method is to determine th
10、e particle size distribution of the glass raw materials.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glass and Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.02 on ChemicalProperties and Analysis.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011Oct. 1, 2016. Publish
11、ed October 2011November 2016. Originally approved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 20062011as C429 01 (2011).(2006). DOI: 10.1520/C0429-01R06.10.1520/C0429-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual
12、 Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be te
13、chnically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P
14、O Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Apparatus5.1 Testing Sieves:5.1.1 Sieves shall conform to Specification E11 with particular reference to Table 1 and Section 4 on Frames. Sieves shall bedesignated by the U. S. Standard Series of sieve numbers and shall vary in opening s
15、ize by the ratio of the =2:1,=2:1 in accordancewith frames 1 in. (25 mm) deep (half height) are recommended for mechanical shaking. The following sieves shall be provided:Sieve Designation Sieve DesignationNo. 8 (2.36-mm) No. 50 (300-m)No. 12 (1.70-mm) No. 70 (212-m)No. 16 (1.18-mm) No. 100 (150-m)N
16、o. 20 (850-m) No. 140 (106-m)No. 30 (600-m) No. 200 (75-m)No. 40 (425-m)Sieve Designation Opening SizeNo. 8 2.36-mmNo. 12 1.70-mmNo. 16 1.18-mmNo. 20 850-mNo. 30 600-mNo. 40 425-mNo. 50 300-mNo. 70 212-mNo. 100 150-mNo. 140 106-mNo. 200 75-m5.1.2 Standard Matched SievesA reference set of standard ma
17、tched sieves shall be provided for use in checking the set ofsieves used in the actual sieve analysis of samples. The sieves for use in sieve analysis of samples may also be standard matchedsieves or may be unmatched sieves conforming to 5.1.1, provided that such sieves will give results that differ
18、 by not more than5 % from those obtained with the reference set when the two sets are compared in accordance with Section 6.5.2 Sieve ShakerA mechanically operated sieve shaker that imparts to the set of sieves a rotary motion and tapping action ofuniform speed shall be provided. The number of taps
19、per minute shall be between 140 and 150. The sieve shaker shall be fittedwith a wooden plug or rubber stopper to receive the impact of the tapper. Other types of mechanical shakers may be used, providedthey can be adjusted to duplicate within 5 % results obtained by the type specified above, when te
20、sted with the same sample andstandard matched sieves. The shaker shall be equipped with an automatic timer accurate to 612 min.minutes.5.3 Sample Splitters:5.3.1 For the reduction of the gross sample to laboratory size, either a large riffle with 25-mm (1-in.) openings or a samplesplitter of the typ
21、e that cuts out a fractional part (for example, a twelfth or a sixteenth) of the gross sample may be used. Samplesplitters are available commercially or may be constructed by the user. The criterion for their use is that they shall produce arepresentative sample.5.3.2 Riffles with openings of 6.4 to
22、 13 mm (14 to 12 in.) are required for reducing the laboratory sample to test size. The riffleopening must be at least three times the width of the largest particle diameter. This restricts use of a riffle with 6.4-mm openingsto materials passing a No. 8 sieve.5.4 BalanceA suitable balance or scale
23、capable of weighing accurately to 0.160.1 g shall be used. A more sensitive balancemay be used for weighing small fractions when they are considered critical.6. Testing of Sieves and Sample Splitters6.1 Since standard matched sieves are specified for the purpose of this test method, calibration as s
24、uch by the tester is obviated.However, the tester must have a method to check the precision of the sieves. This shall be accomplished by having available atleast two sets of sieves: a reference set and a working set. The reference set shall consist of standard matched sieves and shall bereserved for
25、 testing the working set. The working set also may consist of standard matched sieves or of sieves the tester has provento be satisfactory (see 6.2). The testing of the working sieves is necessary because sieves will gradually change their characteristicsafter long usage from clogging and wear. The
26、working set should be tested after every 100 to 150 sieve analyses. The test shallbe made by sieving a suitable test sample through the working set as directed in Section 10, and then sieving the same test samplethrough the reference set. The results shall be calculated and compared. All testing sie
27、ves of the working test set that give resultswithin 10 %610 % of the reference set shall be considered satisfactory for use. (See Appendix X1 for an example of this test.)6.2 A new unmatched sieve can be used if it is proven by testing that it will produce results within 5 %65 % of a standardmatched
28、 sieve. To test an unmatched sieve, it should be substituted for the equivalent sieve in a standard matched set and a sieveanalysis made with a sample previously sieved with the complete matched set. If agreement is satisfactory, the new unmatchedsieve can be used as a working sieve.C429 1626.3 A sa
29、mple splitter for reducing a gross sample should be tested for reproducibility before it can be considered reliable. Aminimum test shall be to take three gross samples of materials, weighing 45 kg (100 lb) or more, with different particle sizedistribution, and obtain four laboratory-size samples of
30、each by repeated splitting. The laboratory samples shall be riffled to testsize and sieved. The same set of sieves shall be used for all tests. Duplication of results within each group should be 5 % within65 % or better.7. Care and Cleaning of Testing Sieves7.1 Testing sieves must be properly cared
31、for if reproducible and reliable results are to be obtained from them. The life of a sieveis materially lengthened by proper care and careful handling. It is inevitable that some particles will become fastened in the sievecloth, but excessive clogging can be controlled by brushing the underside of t
32、he wire cloth with a stiff bristle or bronze wire brushevery time the sieve is used in testing. A nylon bristle paint brush 51 mm (2 in.) in width, with the bristles cut back to about 25mm (1 in.) long, is recommended for brushing, although any short-bristle brush that will not stick in the wire clo
33、th is satisfactory.A bronze wire brush should be used only for sieves No. 60 and coarser. Brushing shall be firm enough to remove the majority ofclogging particles but not so vigorous as to distort the sieve cloth. Sieves shall be washed periodically with a mild detergent orsoap, brushing on the und
34、erside of the cloth. They should be washed immediately after sieving hygroscopic materials, such asalkali carbonates, and dried before storing. They may be dried in a drying oven at 105 to 110C. A properly cared for sieve willbe clean and free of patina. It will have a minimum of clogged openings. T
35、he wire cloth will be taut in the frame and free ofdistortion.The solder joint will be firm.Aloosened joint on an otherwise satisfactory sieve may be repaired by carefully resolderingsoldering it with resin-core solder. Additional cleaning methods are contained in ASTM STP 447B.38. Sampling8.1 Gener
36、al ConsiderationsFollow the principles of probability sampling as given in Practice E105. To estimate the size(mass and number of increments) of the gross sample, follow Practice E122. The methods used for other necessary statisticalcalculations are given in ASTM STP 15D.48.2 Sampling PlanThe sampli
37、ng plan shall be such that the sample obtained will represent as nearly as practicable the averageparticle size distribution of the lot. Sampling bulk material and bagged material will each present a different problem.8.2.1 Some segregation or nonuniformitynon-uniformity will always exist in a bulk
38、lot of material. At rest, thisnonuniformitynon-uniformity can and probably will be multidirectional, with some layers of segregation in the lot that are nearlyperpendicular to each other. The exact degree is never completely known. To obtain a representative cross section of the lot isdifficult, if
39、not impossible. In motion, however, some mixing occurs, and segregation will tend to become unidirectional with layersof segregation generally parallel to the direction of flow. Therefore, a sample increment taken by uniformly cutting across theflowing stream is generally much more nearly representa
40、tive than an increment taken with the material at rest.An entire lot shouldbe sampled by taking a number of increments spaced at nearly equal intervals during the whole time of loading or unloading ofthe car or truck. To take frequent cuts (sample increments) of all of the stream part of the time re
41、duces the danger of a biasedsample.5 Furthermore, when sampling a moving stream, the requirement for randomness is more nearly met at the time and placeof sampling since the chance of taking one grain instead of another is about equal. The total number of increments required fora desired precision c
42、an be estimated statistically as in Practice E122. Some simple device is required to sample the stream. Thismay consist of a box-type cutter for sampling the stream discharging from the end of a belt or spout, or a scoop for sampling thestream being transported on the belt. (See Appendix X2 for illu
43、strations of simple stream samplers.) For the purpose of this testmethod, a sampling plan that provides for sampling the moving stream is recommended. The sampling of a car or truckload lotof material at rest, by shovel, scoop and cylinder, or thief is not recommended.8.2.2 In sampling bagged materi
44、al, an added problem is presentedthat of choosing which bags of the lot will be taken forsampling and how the bags taken are to be sampled. A suitable plan for taking bags for sampling would be to divide the lot intosublots sub lots and then to take at random one bag from each sublot. sub lot. This
45、would afford a simple cross section of the lotand a random selection in each sublot. sub lot. The number of sublots sub lots in which to divide the lot should be calculated usingthe same considerations as for estimating the number of increments to be taken when sampling bulk material. The considerat
46、ionof segregation within bags must not be overlooked. If a suitable sample splitter is available, the entire contents of the bag can betaken and segregation ignored. However, if the bag is sampled with a thief, or by some other method, it must be made certain thatany segregation is taken into accoun
47、t. A bag of granular material, particularly after shipping, can show visible evidence ofsegregation. If stratification or segregation has occurred, care must be taken to sample so as not to obtain a biased or “weighted”sample. The samples obtained from the bags are mixed to constitute the gross samp
48、le.8.3 Gross Sample RequirementBecause of the many ways of handling materials and, in many cases, the limitations so imposedon sampling, and because of the several kinds of materials used for glass making, a single sampling plan is not prescribed. Onlycertain minimum considerations are presented and
49、 recommendations made. However, for the purpose of this test method, any plan3 ASTM STP 447B, Manual on Test Sieving Methods, ASTM, 1985.4 ASTM STP 15D, Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis, ASTM, 1986.5 Taggart, A. F., Handbook of Mineral Dressing, Ores the sum of the fractions and the original sample mass should agree to within161 g or a weighing error is indicated. Calculate the percent retained on each sieve and report to the nearest 0.1 %.60.1 %. Whena fraction retained on a sieve is definite, but is less than 0.1
