1、Designation: C482 02 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Test Method forBond Strength of Ceramic Tile to Portland Cement Paste1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C482; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abilityof glazed ceramic wall tile, ceramic mosaic tile, quarry t
3、ile, andpavers to be bonded to portland cement paste. This test methodincludes both face-mounted and back-mounted tile.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information on
4、lyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limita
5、tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C150 Specification for Portland CementC185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic CementMortarC207 Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Pur-posesC242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and RelatedProducts3. Terminology3.1 Definiti
6、ons:3.1.1 For definitions of the types of tile listed in 1.1, refer toTerminology C242.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of bonding tile under con-trolled conditions to a pure portland cement paste bond coat,supported by a cement mortar bed.4.2 After proper cure of the test asse
7、mbly, a load is appliedto one edge of the tile and the load increased at a definite rateuntil the bond between tile and bond coat is broken.4.3 Because the laboratory method of applying shear stressrapidly loads both tile and setting bed in compression, astronger than normal setting bed for the test
8、 specimens isspecified. This avoids failure of the setting bed before thedesired failure at the tile-bond coat interface occurs. In real tileinstallations with portland cement paste an entirely differentloading mechanism, usually generated primarily by shrinkingof the setting bed or structural backi
9、ng, results in mild tensionin setting bed and mild compression in the tile, but the sametype of shear stress occurs between tile and bond coat as doesin response to the laboratory loading method. The finding of anadequate bond strength under the conditions of this test methodcan be taken as proof th
10、at the tested tile could be permanentlybonded in a properly installed conventional installation usingthe lean, low-shrinkage mortars customarily specified for thisparticular purpose.4.4 To maintain practical sample size and limit maximumbreaking load, tile larger than nominal 414 in. (108 mm) on asi
11、de must be cut to 4 in. (102 mm).5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means of determiningwhether or not tile of the types indicated in 1.1 can be bondedwith adequate strength to portland cement paste. Tile specifi-cations can refer to this test method in order to establishminimum
12、bond strength limits appropriate to the serviceconditions that are anticipated.5.2 Separation between bond coat and setting bed, orbreakage of the setting bed itself shall not be consideredfailures of tile bond.6. Apparatus6.1 MoldsFive frame-type molds having inside dimen-sions 6 by 412 by 2 in. (1
13、52 by 114 by 51 mm) in depth. Themolds shall be made of38-in. (9.5-mm) thick rigid materialsuch as brass, and the inside faces of the molds shall present asmooth surface. They shall be constructed in such a mannerthat they can be taken apart without damage to the moldedcement block. Diagrams of suit
14、able molds are shown in Fig. 1.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C21 on CeramicWhitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC21.06 on Ceramic Tile.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originallyapproved in 1961.
15、 Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C482 02 (2009).DOI: 10.1520/C0482-02R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pa
16、ge onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16.2 Compression Testing MachineThe testing machinemay be either a hydraulic or screw type, with an accuracy of61.0 %. It shall be capable of applying a uniformly di
17、stributedshearing load at a rate of 200 6 20 psi/min (1.4 6 0.1MPa/min) to the tile being tested. To obtain the actual loadingrate in lbf/min (kgf/min) for a particular tile size, multiply thebonded area of the tile in square inches by 200 6 20 (in pascalsby 1.4 6 0.1).6.3 Fixture, for holding the s
18、pecimen assembly in an uprightposition to prevent tilting while the specimen assembly isunder load. The construction of such a fixture is shown in Fig.2.6.4 KeysDifferently sized keys, each for use with adifferent size range of tile, to be inserted between the edge ofthe bonded tile and the head of
19、the compression testingmachine. Their exact dimensions are shown in Fig. 3. Speciallydimensioned keys may be required for unusual tile thicknesses.7. Materials7.1 Portland CementType I of Specification C150.7.2 Hydrated LimeType S of Specification C207.7.3 Standard SandDry, Standard Ottawa sand con-
20、forming to the requirements given in Section 9 of Test MethodC185.Metric EquivalentsLetter in. mmA316 4.8B38 9.5C 6 152D634 171E412 114F514 133G114 32H251FIG. 1 Mold for Mortar Block (Five Required)C482 02 (2014)28. Test Sample8.1 Size of SampleThe number of tile comprising a samplevaries according
21、to the size of the tile (see Table 1).8.2 Selection and Preparation:8.2.1 Tile in the number specified in 8.1 shall be selected atrandom from the lot to be tested.Metric EquivalentsLetter in. mm Letter in. mmA38 9.5 H 9 229B138 35 I14 6.4C34 19 J18 3.2D112 38 K 2 51E12 13 L 1516 33F 7 178 M 2516 59G
22、 8 203 N 412 114FIG. 2 Fixture for Bond Strength TestMetric EquivalentsTile Size, in. (mm) A B C D E1116 (27) and smaller34 (19) 118 (29)316 (4.8)18 (3.2)38 (9.5)118 (29) to 1916 (40) 118 (29) 118 (29)316 (4.8)18 (3.2)38 (9.5)258 (41) to 214 (57) 158 (41) 134 (44)316 (4.8)18 (3.2)38 (9.5)2516 (59) t
23、o 312 (88) 212 (64) 134 (44)316 (4.8)18 (3.2)38 (9.5)3916 (90) to 414 (108) (14 (6.4) to38 (9.5)thick)414 (108) 212 (76)14 (6.4)18 (3.2)38 (9.5)334 (94) to 414 (108) (over38 (9.5) thick) 414 (108) 212 (76)38 (9.5)18 (3.2)38 (9.5)FIG. 3 Key Detail for Fixture in Fig. 2C482 02 (2014)38.2.2 Mounted til
24、e shall be separated from one another bymechanical means, but water or other solvent shall not be usedto remove the mounting media, except as directed in 8.2.4. (Itis not necessary to remove mounting media completely, pro-vided it does not interfere with the methods prescribed in either8.2.4 or Sect
25、ion 9.)8.2.3 If any dimension between opposite edges of a tileexceeds nominally 414 in. (108 mm), the tile shall be cut on adiamond or abrasive saw, so that the dimension is reduced to 4in. (102 mm). Any tile that has lugs or other protuberances onits edges, or that does not have a straight, square
26、edge, shall betrimmed with a saw14 in. (6.4 mm) in from an edge, andpreferably, perpendicular to any directional back-pattern, toprovide one smooth, straight edge.8.2.4 Tile that are cut on a saw requiring that they be wettedwith water shall subsequently be thoroughly washed, rinsed atleast once in
27、clean water, and dried in an oven at a temperatureof 225 6 10F (107 6 5C) for 4 h. They shall be allowed tocool to room temperature before they are set on a mortar bed.Tile cut dry shall be brushed with a dry cloth to remove dustfrom the bonding surface.8.2.5 Immerse nonvitreous and semivitreous til
28、e (tile with awater absorption over 3 %) in water for at least12 h prior touse, and fully drain them of surface moisture before installa-tion. Nonvitreous and semivitreous tile, mounted with water-soluble adhesive, must have mounting media and adhesivecarefully and completely removed under running w
29、ater beforeimmersion to prevent contamination of the bonding surface.9. Procedure9.1 Lightly oil the inside surfaces of the molds to permiteasy removal of the specimen assemblies after fabrication. Fillthe molds, without voids, to an excess with one of thefollowing mortars:9.1.1 For nonvitreous tile
30、 (water absorption over 7 %): Onepart portland cement, 0.25 part hydrated lime, 3.30 parts drystandard sand, and 0.55 part potable water; all parts by mass.9.1.2 For impervious, vitreous, or semivitreous tile (waterabsorption not over 7 %): One part portland cement, 3.30 partsstandard sand, and 0.50
31、 part potable water; all parts by mass.9.2 Screed the surface of the mortar to receive the tile bydrawing a straight-edge, resting on opposite sides of the mold,across the mold to remove the excess mortar placed therein; donot float, puddle, or trowel the surface. The prepared mortarbeds must receiv
32、e the tile not less than 1 h nor more than 112h after screeding. Use a freshly prepared, smooth paste of onepart by weight of portland cement passing through a No. 200(75-m) sieve and 0.36 part by weight of potable water as auniform bond coat on the surface of the prepared tile intendedfor bonding,
33、in an amount sufficient to form a continuous layernot less than132 in. (0.8 mm) or more than116 in. (1.6 mm)over it, in addition to filling any depressions in it.9.3 Place the tile on the mortar bed with one smooth,straight edge14 in. (6.4 mm) in from a 6-in. (152-mm) longedge of the mortar bed and
34、parallel to it. Center one fifth of thetile in the sample along the edge of the mortar bed with a spacebetween tile, when more than one tile is used, of18 in. (3.2mm) or more. Use a jig that will project over the edge of themortar bed to facilitate placing the tile at the specified14 in.(6.4 mm) fro
35、m, and parallel to, the edge.9.4 Place prepared oblong tile (except nominally square tilewith a trimmed edge) on the mortar bed so that their lengthswill be vertical during loading. Place tile that are not rectan-gular so that they are loaded on a straight edge and aresymmetrical about a vertical ce
36、nter line.9.5 Place tile that have a directional back-pattern on themortar bed with the direction of the back-pattern parallel to thedirection of loading, except when there is conflict with theinstructions in 9.4; those instructions shall take precedence.9.6 Immediately after each tile is placed on
37、the mortar bedin the proper position, tap it firmly to assure 100 % contactbetween the bond coat and the mortar bed, and then carefullyremove all excess cement paste from around the edges andbetween the tile. Under no condition should the surface level ofthe mortar bed under the tile be disturbed.9.
38、7 Damp cure the five complete specimen assemblies in themolds for 16 to 24 h by covering them with moist cloths andpolyethylene film. Remove them from the molds; cure for anadditional 6 days at approximately 70F (21C) and at least90 % relative humidity prior to testing. Ninety percent relativehumidi
39、ty shall be obtained by wrapping the specimen assem-blies immediately after removal from the molds in an imper-vious film or foil.9.8 Immediately upon removing the specimen assemblyfrom the film or foil (after 7 days total curing time), place it onedge into the holding fixture with the edge of the m
40、ortar bedfrom which the tile are recessed14 in. (6.4 mm) facing upwardand the opposite edge resting on a piece of felt18 in. (3.2 mm)thick (see Fig. 2). Adjust the back of the assembly to restagainst the upright part of the fixture. Fasten the assembly tothe fixture by means of two clamps and place
41、the fixture withthe specimen assembly in the compression testing machine.Place the appropriate key on the edge of the tile specimen, witha18-in. (3.2-mm) thick felt strip between the key and the tileedge as shown in Fig. 2. Use that key which most nearly coversthe full length of the tile edge to be
42、loaded without touchingadjacent tile. The key shall cover not less than 70 % of the tileedge and be centered on it. Load one specimen at a time at therate of 200 6 20 psi/min (1.4 6 0.1 MPa/min) in a shear untilthe bond is broken.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the strength of the bond, B, in pounds-f
43、orceper square inch (or pascals), as follows:B 5 P/A (1)TABLE 1 Number of Tile per SampleFacial Dimensions of TileNumber of Tileper SampleOver, in.(mm)Not over, in.(mm). 1 (25) 201 (25) 112 (38) 15112 (38) 214 (57) 10214 (57) . 5C482 02 (2014)4where:B = bond strength, psi (or Pa),P = maximum load, l
44、bf (or N), andA = bonded area of the tile, in.2(or m2).11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Identification of the material being tested,11.1.2 Type of design on the back of the tile and itsorientation with respect to the direction of the load,11.1.3 Bond strength in pounds-force pe
45、r square inch (orpascals) for each tile,11.1.4 Location of failure for each tile; that is in the tileitself, between tile and bond coat, between bond coat andmortar setting bed, in the setting bed itself, and11.1.5 Average bond strength in pounds-force per squareinch (or pascals) for the sample.12.
46、Precision and Bias12.1 Measurements of shear bond strength between ceramictile and portland cement mortar are not precise. The rangeamong five or more strength determinations in a set isfrequently as large as 80 % of the lower recorded strength.Accuracy is 610 to 20 % of the average bond strength.AS
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