1、Designation: C 577 07Standard Test Method forPermeability of Refractories1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 577; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、 indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determination of the permeabil-ity of refractory brick and monoliths, from which suitablespecimens can be cut, at room temperature.
3、1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced D
4、ocuments2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1095 Practice for Calculating Precision Data on Refracto-ries (C08) from Interlaboratory Test Results.33. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is used to measure the rate of flow ofair or nitrogen through refractory brick and monoliths and tothus determine the permea
5、bility of tested products.3.2 This test method is useful in research and developmentfor establishing the relative permeability of products withincomparable classes. It may also be used to identify acceptableproducts for design purposes and to establish permeabilitycriteria for specification acceptan
6、ce.3.3 It must be recognized that permeability can vary indifferent directions and different parts of a refractory due tofactors such as forming procedure, grain size and distribution,and heat treatment.4. Apparatus4.1 The apparatus shall provide a leakproof system fortesting 2 in. (51 mm) cubes hel
7、d in a pressurized rubber gasket,with means for controlling gas pressure and measuring gasflow. Figs. 1-3 illustrate a suitable apparatus.4The apparatusconsists of the following components:4.1.1 Permeating Medium, air or nitrogen with regulator-controlled inlet pressure.4.1.2 Drier Tubes, each fille
8、d with a desiccant and strainer;used to remove any water or dirt from the gas before enteringthe flowmeters.4.1.3 FlowmetersThey will measure the flow of permeat-ing media in the range from 0 to 9000 cm3/min. Theflowmeters may be calibrated to read the flow directly of eitherair or nitrogen. The ran
9、ge for each flowmeter is shown in Fig.1.4.1.4 ManometerAmultiple scale digital manometer shallbe used to measure the differential pressure across the speci-men.4.1.5 Rubber Specimen-Sealing GasketThe gasket (Fig.2) is made to fit tightly arounda2by2by2in.(51by51by51 mm) test specimen. The two tapere
10、d metal-gasket holders(Fig. 3) enclose the rubber gasket, and are compressed with ahydraulic jack (Fig. 4) to seal the gasket tightly against the testspecimen.5. Specimen Preparation5.1 One 2 by 2 by 2 in. (51 by 51 by 51 mm) specimen shallbe cut from each of four pieces constituting the sample ofma
11、terial to be tested. The specimen should be cut in such amanner as to fit snugly into the gasket.5.2 The specimens shall be cut so that three originalsurfaces are retained. In cases where it is desirable to determinethe permeability of specimens that show directional differencesin permeability, the
12、original surfaces shall be identified, and thevalues determined separately for each direction of gas flow.5.3 The specimens shall be dried for 16 h at 220 to 230F(105 to 110C) and cooled to room temperature before testing.After drying, all specimen surfaces shall be blown free of dustwith clean dry
13、air and tested within 4 h.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on PhysicalProperties.Current edition approved June 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approvedin 1965. Last previous edition appro
14、ved in 1999 as C 577 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn4The apparatus is described
15、 in Eusner, G. R., and Shapland, J. T., “Permeabilityof Blast-Furnace Refractories,” Journal, Am. Ceramic Soc., Vol 42, No. 10, 1959,pp. 459464.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.AFlowmeter (3 to 80 cm3/min) GMercury Man
16、ometerBFlowmeter (10 to 180 cm3/min) HNeedle ValveCFlowmeters (100 to 1500 cm3/min) JPressure-Release ValveDFlowmeters (500 to 9000 cm3/min) KGasket HolderEDrying Tubes LHydraulic JackFWater Manometer MPressure RegulatorNGas Supply (Permeating Medium)FIG. 1 Permeability ApparatusC577072FIG. 1 Permea
17、bility Apparatus (continued)SI Equivalentsin. 1 15/16 2 4mm 49 51 102FIG. 2 Rubber Specimen-Sealing GasketSI Equivalentsin.14 212 4mm 6 64 102FIG. 3 Tapered Stainless Steel Gasket HolderC5770736. Procedure6.1 Check the system for leaks. This may be accomplishedby taking readings with an impermeable
18、material in thespecimen holder or by utilizing flowmeters in the line ahead ofthe test specimen.6.2 Place the specimen in the rubber gasket, and enclose itbetween the two halves of the gasket holder. Force the halvesof the gasket holder together to seal the specimen in the gasket.6.3 Pass dried air
19、(or nitrogen) through the specimen toproduce a differential pressure across the specimen of 240 mmHg (32.0 kPa) and measure the rate of air (or nitrogen) flow.Measure the differential pressure with the mercury manometerand the rate of air flow with a flowmeter, which will indicate anear full-scale r
20、eading on the low-pressure side of the speci-men.6.4 Also measure the rate of air (or nitrogen) flow fordifferential pressures of 140 and 70 mm Hg (18.7 and 9.3 kPa)if the rate of air flow does not exceed 9000 cm3/min when thedifferential pressure across the specimen is 240 mm Hg.6.5 If the air (or
21、nitrogen) flow exceeds 9000 cm3/min whenthe differential pressure across the specimen is 240 mm Hg,measure the rate of flow at differential pressures of 240, 140,and 70 mm (2.3, 1.4, and 0.7 kPa) of water.6.6 On specimens where directional permeability is to bedetermined, test the two remaining spec
22、imen orientations.7. Calculation7.1 When using air, calculate the permeability in centidar-cys (Note) at room temperature, using one of the formulasbelow which depend on the type of manometer used. Ifnitrogen is used as the permeating medium, the permeability ascalculated by either of the formulas s
23、hould be decreased by5 %, since the viscosity of nitrogen at room temperature isapproximately 5 % lower than that of air.NOTE 1One centidarcy is a flow of 0.01 cm3/s of a fluid of 1 cPviscosity through a 1-cm cube under a pressure difference of 1 atm. Toconvert to flow in in.3/sin.2of areain. of thi
24、cknesspsi pressure difference,divide by 174.K 5 0.451 3 F!/DPm1 1 DPm/152!# (1)orK 5 6.19 3 F!/DPw(2)where:F = flow, cm3/min,DPm= differential pressure, cm Hg,DPw= differential pressure, cm of water, andK = permeability, centidarcys.7.2 These equations were derived from the following gen-eral relati
25、on with the viscosity of the permeating gas (air) takenas 182.7 P.SI Equivalentsin. mm in. mm12151325127816203406FIG. 4 Hydraulic-Jack AssemblageC577074K 5 MQL/ADP! 3 100 (3)where:K = permeability, centidarcys,M = gas viscosity, cP,Q = flow rate, cm3/s,Q = sample length, cm,A = sample area, cm2, and
26、DP = absolute pressure drop across the sample, atm.8. Report8.1 The permeability shall be reported as the average of thefour specimens. Where information is required on directionalpermeability, the average of the four specimens shall bereported individually for each of the three specimen orienta-tio
27、ns.9. Precision and Bias59.1 Interlaboratory DataAn interlaboratory round robinwas conducted in which seven laboratories each tested fourspecimens from two different types of refractory materials.Results were published in 1993 Research Report No. 1378.Each laboratory performed two trials on each spe
28、cimen todetermine the permeability in centidarcys. The components ofvariance from this study expressed as standard deviation andrelative standard deviation are given in Table 1. Refer toPractice C 1095 for calculating precision data on refractoriesfrom interlaboratory test results.9.2 Precision:9.2.
29、1 RepeatabilityThe maximum permissible differencedue to test error between two test results obtained by oneoperator on the same material using the same test equipment isgiven by the repeatability interval and the relative repeatabilityinterval (coefficient of variation). The 95 % repeatability inter
30、-vals are given in Table 1. Two test results which do not differby more than the repeatability interval will be considered to befrom the same population; and, conversely, two test resultswhich do differ by more than the repeatability interval will beconsidered to be from different populations.9.2.2
31、ReproducibilityThe maximum permissible differ-ence due to test error between two test results obtained by twooperators in different laboratories on the same material usingthe same test equipment is given by the reproducibility intervaland the relative reproducibility interval (coefficient of varia-t
32、ion). The 95 % reproducibility intervals are given in Table 1.Two test results which do not differ by more than thereproducibility interval will be considered to be from the samepopulation; and, conversely, two test results which do differ bymore than the reproducibility interval will be considered
33、to befrom different populations.9.3 BiasNo justifiable statement on bias is possible sincethe true physical property values of refractories cannot beestablished by an acceptable reference material.10. Keywords10.1 centidarcy; gas flow; permeability; refractoriesASTM International takes no position r
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37、below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-95
38、55 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).5Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. RequestRR:C 81378.TABLE 1 Precision StatisticsBrick Type Average, xStandard Deviation Precision Coefficient of Variation RelativeRepeatability% rRelativeReproducibility% RWithinSrBetweenSRRepeatabilityInterval, rReproducibilityInterval, RWithin LabVrBetween Labs VRSuper dutyfirebrick25.07 1.38 3.27 3.86 9.16 5.65 12.82 15.81 35.8880 % alumina 11.17 0.16 1.84 0.44 5.14 1.67 16.98 4.68 47.55C577075
