1、Designation: C583 10Standard Test Method forModulus of Rupture of Refractory Materials at ElevatedTemperatures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C583; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determination of the high-temperature modulus of rupture of refractory brick or mono-lithic refr
3、actories in an oxidizing atmosphere and under actionof a force or stress that is increased at a constant rate.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are
4、 not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations pri
5、or to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples ByComparison Techniques3. Significance and Use3.1 Measuring the modulus of rupture of refractories atelevated temperatures has become a widely accepted means toevaluate materials at service tempera
6、tures. Many consumercompanies have specifications based on this type of test.3.2 This test method is limited to furnaces operating underoxidizing conditions. However, with modifications for atmo-sphere control in other test furnaces, the major criteria of thistest procedure may be employed without c
7、hange.3.3 This test method is designed for progressive applicationof a force or stress on a specimen supported as a simple beamwith center-point loading. Test apparatus designed for theprogressive application of a strain may yield different results,especially since refractory materials will reach a
8、semiplasticstate at elevated temperatures where Hookes law does notapply, that is, stress is then not proportional to strain.3.4 This test method applies to fired dense refractory brickand shapes, chemically bonded brick and shapes, shapesformed from castables, plastics, or ramming materials, and an
9、yother refractory that can be formed to the required specimendimension.4. Apparatus4.1 Use either an electrically heated or gas-fired furnace(Note 1). A typical cross section of the furnace containing thebearing edges is shown in Fig. 1. At least one pair of lowerbearing edges, made from volume-stab
10、le refractory material(Note 2), shall be installed in the furnace on 5-in. (127-mm)centers. A thrust column, containing the top bearing edge thatis made from volume-stable refractory material, shall extendoutside the furnace where means are provided for applying aload. The lower bearing edges and th
11、e bearing end of thesupport column shall have rounded bearing surfaces havingabout a14-in. (6-mm) radius (Note 3). The lower bearingsurfaces may be made adjustable, but must attain the standardspan of 5 6332 in. (127 6 2 mm). The length of the lowerbearing surfaces shall exceed the specimen width by
12、 about14in. The load shall be applied to the upper bearing edge by anysuitable means. Instrumentation for measuring the load shall beaccurate to 1 %. The thrust column shall be maintained invertical alignment and all bearing surfaces parallel in bothhorizontal directions.NOTE 1The test furnace can b
13、e so constructed so that a number ofspecimens may be heated and tested at the same time. Bearing edges andloading devices may be provided for a number of individual specimens,but a more practical method is to provide means to move individualspecimens successively onto a single set of bearing edges f
14、or breaking.The use of a separate holding furnace for specimens to be transferred intothe test furnace for breaking is also satisfactory.NOTE 2A minimum of 90 % alumina content is recommended as asuitable refractory.NOTE 3All bearing surfaces should be checked periodically to main-tain a round surfa
15、ce.4.2 It is recommended that the furnace temperature becontrolled with calibrated platinum-rhodium/platinum thermo-couples connected to a program-controller recorder (see TestMethod E220). Temperature differential within the furnace1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 o
16、nRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.01 on Strength.Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published April 2010. Originallyapproved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C583 05 (2009).DOI: 10.1520/C0583-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM we
17、bsite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United St
18、ates.shall not be more than 620F (11C), but the controllingthermocouple shall be placed within12 in. (13 mm) of thegeometric center of a side face of the test specimen whenpositioned on the bearing edges.4.3 Furnace AtmosphereAbove a furnace temperature of1470F (800C), the furnace atmosphere shall c
19、ontain aminimum of 0.5 % oxygen with 0 % combustibles. Take theatmosphere sample from the furnace chamber proper, prefer-ably as near the test specimen as possible.5. Sampling5.1 The sample shall consist of five specimens, each takenfrom five brick or shapes or from test specimens made frommonolithi
20、c aggregate refractories.6. Test Specimen6.1 The standard test specimen shall be 1 6132 by 1 6132by approximately 6 in. (25 6 0.8 by 25 6 0.8 by approxi-mately 152 mm). Note in the report if other specimen sizes areused. Specimens cut from brick shall have at least one originalbrick surface. If cut
21、from shapes, the specimens shall be takenparallel to the longest dimension. For irregular shapes, all fourlong surfaces of the specimen may be cut faces. Note this in thereport.6.2 The relative ratio of the largest grain size to the smallestspecimen dimension may significantly affect the numericalre
22、sults. For example, smaller cut specimens containing largegrains may present different results than the bricks from whichthey were cut. Under no circumstances should 6- by 1- by 1-in.(152- by 25- by 25-mm) specimens be prepared and tested formaterials containing grains with a maximum grain dimension
23、exceeding 0.25 in. (6.4 mm).6.3 Opposite faces of the specimen shall be parallel, andadjacent faces shall be perpendicular.6.4 Measure the width and depth of the test specimen atmid-span to the nearest 0.01 in. (0.3 mm).7. Procedure7.1 Set the specimens in either the test or holding furnacewithout a
24、n applied load, and heat to the test temperature usingthe following schedule:7.1.1 Burned Refractory ProductsThe rate of heatingfrom room temperature shall not exceed 600F (330C)/h to1800F (980C), and shall not exceed 200F (110C)/h from1800F to the test temperature (Note 4). Maintain the testtempera
25、ture for a minimum of3h(Note 5).NOTE 4Heating at 600F (330C)/h can initiate thermal shock insome brick. A maximum heating rate of 150F (83C)/h is recommendedfor materials sensitive to thermal shock.NOTE 5Maintaining specimens at test temperature for 3 h before loadapplication is adequate for most co
26、mpositions and temperatures ofinterest. However, there may be certain compositions and temperaturesrequiring additional holding time at temperature in order to obtainconsistent results. Experience and use of the test procedure will aid indetermining when exploratory testing is required to arrive at
27、the holdingtime necessary. If departure is made from the specified minimum time, theholding time used will be included in the report of the results.7.1.2 Unburned or Chemically Bonded RefractoryProductsThe rate of heating from room temperature shall be600F (330C)/h to 1800F (980C), and 200F (110C)/h
28、from 1800F to the test temperature. Maintain the test tem-perature for a minimum of 12 h.7.2 Following the holding period, move the specimen to thesupporting bearing edges. When possible, an original face ofthe specimen shall be used for the tension face, that is, the facein contact with the two low
29、er bearing edges. Apply the loadparallel to the direction (if known) of pressing of the specimen.7.3 Control test temperature by the thermocouple that islocated within12 in. (13 mm) of the geometric center of a sideFIG. 1 Cross Section of Typical Apparatus (Heating Means Not Shown)C583 102face of th
30、e specimen when it is in position for testing. Holdspecimen in testing position 10 min before testing (Note 6).Temperature shall not vary more than minus 0 plus 20F(11C) from the specified test temperature.NOTE 6This hold period may be shortened for continuously chargedfurnaces.7.4 Test temperatures
31、 are not specified but must be agreedupon between laboratories and must be included in the report.Test temperatures should be selected in even 100F (55C)intervals, but if agreed, other multiples could be used.7.5 Bring the top bearing edge to bear at mid-span on thespecimen, ensure proper alignment
32、of bearing surfaces, andapply pressure through the loading mechanism until failure ofthe specimen occurs. The rate of application of the load on thespecimen shall be 175 6 17.5 lbf (778 6 77.8 N)/min. Theresulting rate of increase in bending stress for the standard 1 by1 by 6-in. (25 by 25 by 152-mm
33、) specimen is 1312.5 6 131 psi(9.05 6 0.9 MPa)/min.3If non-standard specimens are used,the proper loading rate should be determined from the forego-ing stressing rate and full details disclosed in the report.7.6 Move the other specimens successfully onto the bearingedges and break them in accordance
34、 with the precedingprocedure.8. Calculation8.1 Calculate the modulus of rupture (MOR) for eachrectangular specimen as follows:MOR 5 3PL/2bd2(1)where:MOR = modulus of rupture, psi or MPa,P = concentrated load at rupture, lbf or N,L = span between supports, in. or mm,b = breadth or width of specimen,
35、in. or mm, andd = depth of specimen, in. or mm.9. Report9.1 Report the test temperature, the five individual testresults, and the average modulus of rupture and standarddeviation in lbf/in.2(or MPa for the five specimens.9.2 Also, list in the report any deviations from standard testrequirements such
36、 as specimen size, span, heating rate, soaktime, or loading rate.10. Precision and Bias10.1 Ruggedness tests conducted in 1977 showed that themost sensitive variables were specimen dimensions, test tem-perature, and soak time. Of smaller influence were heating rateabove 1800F (980C) and loading rate
37、. Test results areincorporated in the method.10.2 Interlaboratory Test DataThe results of interlabora-tory studies conducted in 1963 and in 1970 were used in 1979to revise the precision statements in accordance with latestrecommendations from ASTM Committee E11.10.2.1 In the 1963 study, four types o
38、f direct-bonded (fired)magnesite-chrome brick and two types of chemically-bondedmagnesite-chrome brick were tested at 1800F (980C) and2300F (1260C). Five laboratories tested five specimens ofeach brick at each test temperature. In the 1970 study, twotypes of direct-bonded chrome brick, one 95 % MgO
39、firedpericlase brick (BOF type), and one 90 % alumina brick weretested at 2700F (1480C) by four laboratories using twentyspecimens of each type of brick.10.2.2 The precision was found to vary with the type ofbrick tested and also with the test temperature. Generally thestandard deviation was proport
40、ional to the strength level, andrelative precision is given in terms of the average coefficientsof variation for each brick type and test temperature. However,in the case of fired brick, the relative precision tends toimprove with the level of strength.10.3 PrecisionFor two averages of five specimen
41、s testedwithin one laboratory, their difference is considered significantfor a probability of 95 % and t = 1.96 if it equals or exceedsthe repeatability interval for the applicable brick type in Table1. Likewise, the difference between two averages obtained bytwo laboratories is considered significa
42、nt if it equals or exceedsthe applicable reproducibility interval in Table 1.10.4 BiasNo justifiable statement of bias is possiblebecause the true value of hot modulus of rupture cannot beestablished.3This rate is 0.151 MPa/s, which is in agreement with the stress rate in PRERecommendation R 18, “De
43、termination of the Hot Modulus of Rupture of Shapedand Unshaped Dense and Insulating Refractory Products,” 1978. Copies of PREstandards are available from the PRE Secretary, Lowenstrasse 31, P.O. Box 3361,CH-8023 Zurich, Switzerland.TABLE 1 Relative PrecisionBrick TypeTest Temperature Average MOR Co
44、efficient of VariationRepeatabilityInterval, % ofAverageAReproducibilityInterval, % ofAverageAF C psi MPaWithinLabs, %BetweenLabs, %Chem-bond 1800 980 360 2.48 14.2 13.5 17.6 41.2Chem-bond 2300 1260 332 2.29 7.7 13.6 9.4 39.1Direct-bond 1800 980 1530 10.55 15.7 17.4 19.4 52.9Direct-bond 2300 1260 12
45、08 8.33 17.9 15.3 22.2 47.9Direct-bond 2700 1480 708 4.88 32.3 29.8 40.0 91.7Periclase 2700 1480 1302 8.98 21.0 16.2 26.4 52.0Alumina 2700 1480 1836 12.66 17.6 10.4 21.8 36.1ABased on five specimens.C583 10311. Keywords11.1 compressive load; deformation resistance; flexuralstrength; high temperature
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