1、2008年 3月上海市高级口译第一阶段笔试真题试卷及答案与解析 Part A Spot Dictation Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear a passage and read the same passage with blanks in it. Fill in each of the blanks with the word or words you have heard on the tape. Write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER B
2、OOKLET. Remember you will hear the passage ONLY ONCE. 0 Today, well talk about what other effects watching TV might produce on children. Children should be (1) a lot of television, many experts and parents agree, but there is at least one circumstance when it might be beneficial: (2) . A recent stud
3、y conducted by Italian researchers found that children (3) immediately preceding and during blood tests experienced less pain than children whose mothers (4) during the procedure, or children whose mothers were present but (5) . The research, led by Carlo Brown, MD, at the University of Siena, is pu
4、blished in the Archives of Disease in Childhood. (6) the study. None received any type of anesthesia; the children and their mothers (7) . Both the group whose mothers attempted to distract them from the blood tests and those whose mothers simply observed reported (8) than the group who watched cart
5、oons. For that group, the levels of pain were less and the children were better able to (9) . One of the possible explanations is that children might have (10) during the procedures, exacerbating their perception of pain. “The higher pain level reported by children during (11) shows the difficulty m
6、others have in interacting positively (12) in their childrens life,“ the authors write. However, they stressed that (13) still provided benefits, noting that the children would (14) during the procedures. “Indeed, children state that having their parent present (15) when in pain,“ say the authors. A
7、nother possibility offered for consideration is the notion that the (16) might release pain-quelling endorphins. Endorphins, (17) produced by the pituitary gland, resemble opiates in their ability to produce analgesia and a sense of well-being. In other words, they might (18) . In any case, the stud
8、y results suggest that health workers should (19) to watch television during painful procedures (20) . Part B Listening Comprehension Directions: In this part of the test there will be some short talks and conversations. After each one, you will be asked some questions. The talks, conversations and
9、questions will be spoken ONLY ONCE. Now listen carefully and choose the right answer to each question you have heard and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. （ A） A change in French eating habits. （ B） A boom in long-hour meals in France.
10、（ C） The origin of hamburgers. （ D） The home of the sit-down mid-day meal. （ A） A variation in food supply. （ B） A change in the workforce. （ C） A rise in food prices. （ D） A fall in white-collarization. （ A） Bakeries now offer a limited range of albeit excellent products. （ B） There are about four
11、kinds of bread, breakfast and dessert pastries. （ C） Bakeries sell sandwiches mainly in the working-class areas. （ D） France is currently witnessing a boom in sandwich business. （ A） Men usually like to eat more hamburgers than women do in France. （ B） Men, more likely to be working behind a jackham
12、mer, need to eat so much. （ C） Women make up almost half the labor force in France now. （ D） Women have to pick up the children late from the day-care center. （ A） Because the bakeries have adapted the idea of fast food and made it French products. （ B） Because the bakeries have offered something th
13、ats very close to what is called fast food. （ C） Because the hamburgers have ham and butter in them. （ D） Because the hamburgers do not cost so much as those offered by McDonald. （ A） Three. （ B） Four. （ C） Eleven. （ D） Eighteen. （ A） To intensify Tokyos role in peacekeeping missions abroad. （ B） To
14、 stop the countrys air force transport mission in Iraq. （ C） To override the lower houses decision. （ D） To approve the Democratic Partys bill to continue the mission. （ A） Worsening water scarcity. （ B） Increasing risks of diseases. （ C） Triggering mass displacement. （ D） Reducing the population in
15、 Asia. （ A） To resume peace talks which have been halted for a long time. （ B） To forge and sign a peace treaty pledged by both sides. （ C） To dispel his skepticism over chances for a deal before he leaves office. （ D） To open a 44-nation conference over the Middle East issue. （ A） 60% （ B） 26% （ C）
16、 0.21 （ D） 0.2 （ A） What to do to control crime. （ B） What role a lawyer plays in a court case. （ C） How to tell a hardened criminal from a first-time offender. （ D） How to convict a criminal and put him in prison. （ A） Deterrence. （ B） Quick conviction. （ C） The social structure. （ D） The economy.
17、（ A） Education programs are not so effective as required. （ B） Drug treatment programs are insufficiently funded. （ C） Some rehabilitation programs inside prisons have been stopped. （ D） More people are convicted than prison space can accommodate. （ A） These programs are mainly intended for the king
18、pins of drug deals to get rehabilitated. （ B） These programs are currently carried out in most states in the country. （ C） These programs aim to develop a culture inside the prisons. （ D） These programs have psychological and educational components. （ A） Because gangs start in prisons and make priso
19、n a repressive experience. （ B） Because criminals tend to be repeat offenders. （ C） Because there is no stigma attached to most criminals. （ D） Because society doesnt look at released prisoners with disdain. （ A） How to interact with colleagues and clients face to face. （ B） How to make effective te
20、lephone conversations. （ C） What skills are needed to get and hold down a job. （ D） What makes for an excellent ability to express yourself. （ A） Managerial. （ B） Technological. （ C） Financial. （ D） Social. （ A） Basic to advanced knowledge of computer application. （ B） Ability to calculate all trans
21、actions, profits and costs. （ C） Creativity in making presentations to clients. （ D） Proficiency in at least one foreign language. （ A） To create your own databases on the computer. （ B） To enhance your social skills by holding parties with your friends. （ C） To use the computer in free time and bec
22、ome familiar with its operation. （ D） To store as many telephone numbers and addresses as you can. （ A） Graduating students. （ B） Trainee managers. （ C） Professional secretaries. （ D） Low-level administrative staff. 一、 SECTION 2 READING TEST Directions: In this section you will read several passages
23、. Each one is followed by several questions about it. You are to choose ONE best answer, A, B, C or D, to each question. Answer all the questions following each passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage and write tile letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding
24、space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. 40 Life expectancy in the richest countries of the world now exceeds the poorest by more than 30 years, figures show. The gap is widening across the world, with Western countries and the growing economies of Latin America and the Far East advancing more rapidly than Afr
25、ica and the countries of the former Soviet Union. Average life expectancy in Britain and similar countries of the OECD was 78.8 in 2000-2005, an increase of more than seven years since 1970-1975 and almost 30 years over the past century. In sub-Saharan Africa, life expectancy has increased by just f
26、our months since 1970, to 46.1 years. Narrowing this “health gap“ will involve going beyond the immediate causes of disease-poverty, poor sanitation and infectionto tackle the “causes of the causes“ the social hierarchies in which people live, says the report published by the Global Commission on th
27、e Social Determinants of Health established by the WHO in 2005. Professor Sir Michael Marmot, chairman of the commission, who first coined the term “status syndrome“, said social status was the key to tackling health inequalities worldwide. In the 1980s, in a series of ground-breaking studies among
28、Whitehall civil servants, Professor Marmot showed that the risk of death among those on the lower rungs of the career ladder was four times higher than those at the top, and that the difference was linked with the degree of control the individuals had over their lives. He said yesterday that the sam
29、e rule applied in poorer countries. If people increased their status and gained more control over their lives they improved their health because they were less vulnerable to the economic and environmental threats. “When people think about those in poor countries they tend to think about poverty, lac
30、k of housing, sanitation and exposure to infectious disease. But there is another issue, the social gradient in health which I called status syndrome. It is not just those at the bottom of the hierarchy who have worse health; it is all the way along the scale. Those second from the bottom have worse
31、 health than those above them but better health than those below.“ The interim report of the commission, in the online edition of The Lancet, says the effects of status syndrome extend from the bottom to the top of the hierarchy, with Swedish adults holding a PhD having a lower death rate than those
32、 with a masters degree. The study says “The gradient is a worldwide occurrence, seen in low-income, middle-income and high- income countries. It means we are all implicated. “ The result is that even within rich countries such as Britain there are striking inequalities in life expectancy. The poores
33、t men in Glasgow have a life expectancy of 54, lower than the average in India. The answer, the report says, is empowerment, of individuals, communities and whole countries. “Technical and medical solutions such as medical care are without doubt necessary. But they are insufficient.“ Professor Marmo
34、t said: “We talk about three kinds of empowerment. If people dont have the material necessities, they cannot be empowered. The second kind is psycho-social empowerment: more control over their lives. The third is political empowerment, having a voice.“ The commissions final report, to be published s
35、oon, will identify the ill effects of low status and make recommendations for how they can be tackled. In Britain a century ago, infant mortality among the rich was about 100 per 1,000 live births compared with 250 per 1, 000 among the poor. Infant mortality is still twice as high among the poor in
36、Britain, but the rates have come down dramatically to 7 per 1,000 among the poor and 3.5 among the rich. Professor Marmot said: “We have made dramatic progress, but this is not about abolishing the rankings, but by identifying the ill effects of hierarchies we can make huge improvement.“ 41 Which of
37、 the following CANNOT be found from the passage? （ A） Life expectancy in Latin America and the Far East is increasing faster than Africa. （ B） In Africa, life expectancy had only increased by four years since 1970 to 46.1 years. （ C） There is a gap of more than 30 years in life expectancy between th
38、e richest countries and the poorest countries. （ D） Within rich countries there are also great inequalities in life expectancy between the rich and the poor. 42 According to the passage, the term “status syndrome“ _. （ A） was first accepted by the World Health Organisation in 2005 （ B） was proposed
39、by Professor Marmot to describe social changes （ C） is used to expose the major causes of health inequalities （ D） is used to show the correlation between sanitation and infection 43 According to the passage, the effects of status syndrome _. （ A） can only be found from those living at the bottom of
40、 the society （ B） usually are greater among those from the lower classes （ C） are the same on people from each ladder of the social hierarchy （ D） extend universally from the bottom to the top of the social hierarchy 44 Professor Marmot proposed that “empowerment“ should _. （ A） mainly include techn
41、ical and medical advancement （ B） be equal to access to material necessities （ C） be material, psycho-social and political （ D） be the final answer to the social problem of “health gap“ 45 What can be concluded from the passage? （ A） Health inequality is closely related to social hierarchies. （ B） T
42、he “causes of the causes“ of health gap lie in the differences between rich and poor countries. （ C） Social ranking should be ultimately abolished. （ D） The rich countries should give more assistance to poor countries to fill the health gap. 45 In Idahos Snake River Valley, where potato farmers depe
43、nd on electric pumps to water their crops, the states largest power company hopes to stand tradition on its head and profit by selling farmers less, not more, electricity. To do that, Idaho Power is vastly expanding its energy-efficiency programs for 395,000 residential customers, small businesses,
44、and farmers. Usually the more customers save, the less utilities make. But under an innovative deal with state regulators in March, Idaho Power gets paid for its plants and equipment and boosts profits by winning incentive payments for reducing electric demand. Its an idea that appears to be catchin
45、g on as legislatures fret about global warming and utilities scramble to meet rising demand without the increasing harassment and cost of building new power plants. Idaho is among 13 states whose regulators have either adopted or proposed measures in the past year to decouple utility profit from ele
46、ctricity production. Decoupling is advancing even faster for natural-gas utilities, with 25 states either adopting or proposing decoupling plans in recent years. “This wave toward decoupling is clearly gathering momentum,“ says Martin Kushler of the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy i
47、n Washington. “More states seem to be calling every week to find out about this.“ Although California pioneered the idea 25 years agoand strengthened incentives and penalties last monthinterest is picking up again because of global warming, experts say. The main idea is that by rearranging the incen
48、tive structure, regulators can give utilities clear incentives to push energy efficiency and conservation without hurting their bottom lines. Under the new rules in California, for example, electric utilities could make as much as $150 million extra if they can persuade Californians to save some $2
49、billion worth of power, according to the Natural Resources Defense Council. “This is a vital step in the global-warming fight,“ says Audrey Chang, an NRDC researcher. “It represents, we hope, a historic shift toward decoupling that is going to help bend the energy demand curve downwards.“ Beside Idaho, states that this year adopted decoupling for some or all of its electric power industry include New York, Connecticut, and Vermont. At least nine other states have seen major decoupling proposals this year. Idaho Power is happy that its key
