1、2008年财政部财政科学研究所考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Cloze 0 The normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours sleep alternation with some 16-17 hours wakefulness and that the sleep normally coincides【 C1】_the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this【 C2】 _can be mod
2、ified. The question is no mere academic one. The ease with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a【 C3】 _of growing importance in industry where automation【 C4】 _round-the-clock working of machines. It normally【 C5】 _form five days to one week for a person to adapt t
3、o a【 C6】_routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night【 C7】 _, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week. This means mat no sooner has he got used to one routine【 C8】 _he has to change to another, 【 C9】 _much of his time is spent neither wor
4、king nor sleeping every 【 C10】 _, One answer would seem to be【 C11】 _periods on each shift, a month, or even three months. 【 C12】 _recent research has shown that people on such systems will revert to go back to their【 C13】 _habits to sleep and wakefulness during the week-end and that this is quite e
5、nough to destroy any【 C14】_to night work built up during the week. The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to those permanent night workers whose【 C15】 _may persist through all week-ends and holidays. 1 【 C1】 （ A） in （ B） with （ C） of （ D） over 2 【 C2】 （ A） cycle （ B） perio
6、d （ C） circle （ D） round 3 【 C3】 （ A） problem （ B） difficulty （ C） trouble （ D） matter 4 【 C4】 （ A） asks （ B） invites （ C） calls for （ D） reacts to 5 【 C5】 （ A） takes （ B） spends （ C） demands （ D） asks 6 【 C6】 （ A） former （ B） returned （ C） reversed （ D） regular 7 【 C7】 （ A） Therefore （ B） Unfortuna
7、tely （ C） In a word （ D） In comparison 8 【 C8】 （ A） as （ B） when （ C） then （ D） than 9 【 C9】 （ A） though （ B） so that （ C） while （ D） as 10 【 C10】 （ A） efficiently （ B） good （ C） easily （ D） happily 11 【 C11】 （ A） shorter （ B） better （ C） longer （ D） nicer 12 【 C12】 （ A） So （ B） In short （ C） Simila
8、rly （ D） However 13 【 C13】 （ A） new （ B） normal （ C） temporary （ D） favorite 14 【 C14】 （ A） change （ B） return （ C） adaptation （ D） tendency 15 【 C15】 （ A） wakefulness （ B） sleep （ C） preference （ D） habit 二、 Reading Comprehension 15 New and bizarre crimes have come into being with the advent of com
9、puter technology. Organized crime has been directly involved; the new technology offers it unlimited opportunities, such as data crimes, theft of services, property-related crimes, industrial sabotage (破坏 ), politically related sabotage, vandalism, crimes against the individual and financially relat
10、ed crimes“Theft of data, or data crime, has attracted the interest of organized criminal syndicates. This is usually the theft or copying of valuable computer program. An international market already exists for computerized data, and specialized fences are said to be playing a key role in this rapid
11、ly expanding criminal market Buyers for stolen programs may from a firms competitors to foreign nations. A competitor sabotages a companys computer system to destroy or cripple the firms operational ability, thus neutralizing its competitive capability either in the private or the government sector.
12、 This computer sabotage may also be tied to an attempt by affluent investors to acquire the victim firm. With the growing reliance by firms on computers for their record keeping and daily operations, sabotage of their computers can result in internal havoc, after which the group interested in acquir
13、ing the firm can easily buy it at a substantially lower. Criminal groups could also resort to sabotage if the company is a competitor of a business owned or controlled by organized crime. Politically motivated sabotage is on the increase; political extremist groups have sprouted on every continent.
14、Sophisticated computer technology arms these groups with awesome powers and opens technologically advanced nations to their attack. Several attempts have already been made to destroy computer facility at an air force base. A university computer facility involved in national defense work suffered mor
15、e than $ 2 million in damages as a result of bombing. Computer vulnerability has been documented in great details. One congressional study concluded that neither government nor private computer systems are adequately protected against sabotage. Organized criminal syndicates have shown their willingn
16、ess to work with politically motivated groups. Investigators have uncovered evidence of cooperation between criminal groups and foreign governments in narcotics. Criminal groups have taken attempts in assassinating political leaders Computers are used in hospital life-support system, in laboratories
17、, and in major surgery. Criminals could easily turn these computers into tools of devastation. By sabotaging the computer of a life-support system, criminals could kill an individual as easily as they had used a gun. By manipulating a computer, they could guide awesome tools of terror against large
18、urban centers. Cities and nations could become hostages. Homicide could take a new form. The computer may become the hit man of the twentieth century. The computer opens vast areas of crime to organized criminal groups, both nation and international. It calls on them to pool their resources and incr
19、ease their cooperative efforts, because many of these crimes are too complex for one group to handle, especially those requiting a vast network of fences. Although criminals have adapted to computer technology, law enforcement has not Many still think in terms of traditional criminology. 16 How many
20、 kinds of crimes are mentioned in the passage? （ A） 7 （ B） 8 （ C） 9 （ D） 10 17 What is the purpose of a competitor to sabotage a companys computer? （ A） His purpose is to destroy or weaken the firms operational ability. （ B） His purpose is to weaken firms competitive capability and get it （ C） His p
21、urpose is to buy the rivals company at a relatively low price. （ D） His purpose is to steal important data. 18 Which of the following can be labeled as a politically motivated sabotage of a computer system? （ A） Sabotage of a university computer. （ B） Sabotage of hospital computer. （ C） Sabotage of
22、computer at a secret training base. （ D） Sabotage of a factory computer. 19 What does the author mean by “Homicide could take a new form“ ? （ A） There is no need to use a gun in killing a person. （ B） Criminals can kill whoever they want by a computer. （ C） The computer can replace any weapons. （ D）
23、 The function of a computer is just like a gun. 20 What does the word “homicide“ possibly mean in Paragraph 5? （ A） Kill people at home （ B） Murdering （ C） Terrorist （ D） Crime 20 This month Singapore passed a bill that would give legal teeth to the moral obligation to support ones parents. Called t
24、he Maintenance of Parents Bill, it received the backing of the Singapore government. That does not mean it hasnt generated discussion. Several members of the Parliament opposed the measure as un-Asian. Other who acknowledged the problem of the elderly poor believed it a disproportionate response. St
25、ill others believe it will subvert relations within the family; cynics dubbed it the “ Sue Your Son“ law. Those who say that the bill does not promote filial responsibility, of course, are right It has nothing to do with filial responsibility. It kicks in where filial responsibility fails. The law c
26、annot legislate filial responsibility any more than it can legislate love. All the law can do is to provide a safety net where this morality provide is insufficient. Singapore needs this bill not to replace morality, but to provide incentives to shore it up. Like many other developed nations, Singap
27、ore faces the problems of an increasing proportion of people over 60 years of age. Demography is inexorable. In 1980, 7.2% of the population was in this bracket At the turn of the century, that figure grew to 11 %. By 2030, the proportion is projected to be 26%. The problem is not old age per se. It
28、 is that the ratio of economically active people to economically inactive people will decline. But no amount of government exhortation or paternalism will completely eliminate the problem of old people who have insufficient means to make ends meet. Some people will fall through the holes in any safe
29、ty net. Traditionally, a persons insurance against poverty in his old age was his family. This is not a revolutionary concept, nor is it uniquely Asian. Care and support for ones parents is a universal value shared by all civilized societies. The problem in Singapore is that the moral obligation to
30、look after ones parents is unenforceable. A father can be compelled by law to maintain his children. A husband can be forced to support his wife. But, until now, a son or daughter had no legal obligation to support his or her parents. In 1989, an Advisory Council was set up to look into ten problems
31、 of the aged. Its report stated with a tinge of complacency that 95% of those who did not have their own income were receiving cash contributions from relations. But what about the 5% who arent getting relatives support? They have several options; (a) get a job that work until they die; (b) apply fo
32、r public assistance (you have to be destitute to apply); or (c) starve quietly. None of these options is socially acceptable. And what if this 5% figure grows, as it is likely to do, as society ages? The Maintenance of Parents Bill was put forth to encourage the traditional virtues that have to far
33、kept Asian nations from some of the breakdowns encountered in other affluent societies. This legislation will allow a person to apply to the court for maintenance from any or all of his children. The court would have the discretion to refuse to make an order it is unjust Those who deride the proposa
34、l for opening up the courts to family lawsuits miss the point Only in extreme cases would any parent take his child to court If it does indeed become law, the bills effect would be far more subtle. First, it will reaffirm the notion that it is each individuals-not societys-responsibility to look aft
35、er his parents. Singapore is still conservative enough that most people will not object to this idea. It reinforces the traditional values and it doesnt hurt a society now and then to remind itself of its core values. Second, and more important, it will make those who are inclined to shirk their res
36、ponsibilities think twice. Until now, if a person asked family elders, clergymen or the Ministry of Community Development to help get financial support from his children, the most they could do was to mediate. But mediators have no teeth, and a child could simply ignore their pleas. But to be sued b
37、y ones parents would be a massive loss of face. It would be a public disgrace. Few people would be so thick-skinned as to say, “Sue and be damned“. The hand of the conciliator would be immeasurably strengthened. It is far more likely that some sort of amicable settlement would be reached if the reca
38、lcitrant son or daughter knows that the alternative is a public trial. It would be nice to think that Singapore doesnt need this kind of law. But that belief ignores the clear demographic trends and the effect of affluence itself on traditional bonds. Those of us who pushed for the bill will conside
39、r ourselves most successful it acts as an incentive not to have it invoked in the first place. 21 The Maintenance of Parents. Bill _ . （ A） received unanimous support in the Singapore Parliament （ B） was believed to solve all the problems of the elderly poor （ C） was intended to substitute for tradi
40、tional values in Singapore （ D） was passed to make the young more responsible to the old 22 By quoting the growing percentage points of the aged in the population, the author seems to imply that_. （ A） the country will face mounting problems of the old in future. （ B） the social welfare system would
41、 be under great pressure. （ C） young people should be given more moral education. （ D） the old should be provided with means of livelihood. 23 Which of the following statements in CORRECT? （ A） Filial responsibility in Singapore is enforced by law. （ B） Fathers have legal obligations to look after c
42、hildren. （ C） It is an acceptable practice for the old to continue working. （ D） The Advisory Council was dissatisfied with the problems of the old. 24 The author seems to suggest that traditional values_. （ A） play an insignificant role in solving social problems （ B） are helpful to the elderly whe
43、n they sue their children （ C） are very important in preserving Asian uniqueness （ D） are significant in helping the Bill get approved 25 The author thinks that if the Bill becomes law, its effect would be_. （ A） indirect （ B） unnoticed （ C） apparent （ D） straightforward 26 At the end of the passage
44、, the author seems to imply that success of the Bill depends upon_. （ A） strict enforcement （ B） public support （ C） government assurance （ D） filial awareness 26 Pundits who want to sound judicious are fond of warming against generalizing. Each country is different, they say, and no one story fits
45、all of Asia. This is, of course, silly: all of these economies plunged into economic crisis within a few months of each other, so they must have had something in common. In fact, the logic of catastrophe was pretty much the same in Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and South Korea. (Japan is a very diff
46、erent story.) In each case investors-mainly, but not entirely, foreign banks who had made short-term loans-all tried to pull their money out at the same time. The result was a combined banking and currency crisis a banking crisis because no bank can convert all its assets into cash on short notice;
47、a currency crisis because panicked investors were trying not only to convert long-term assets into cash, but to concert baht or rupiah into dollars. In the face of the stampede, governments had no good options. If they let their currencies plunge, inflation would soar and companies that had borrowed
48、 in dollars would go bankrupt; if they tried to support their currencies by pushing up interest rates, the same firms would probable go bust from the combination of debt burden and recession. In practice, countries split the difference and paid a heavy price regardless. Was the crisis a punishment f
49、or bad economic management? Like most clich6s, the catchphrase “crony capitalism“ has prospered because it gets at something real; excessively cozy relationships between government and business really did lead to a lot of bad investments. The still primitive financial structure of Asian business also mad the economies peculiarly vulnerable to loss of confidence. But the punishment was surely disproportionate to the crime, and many investments that look foolish in
