1、2013年职称英语（理工类） A级真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 词汇选项 (第 1-15题，每题 1分，共 15分 ) 下面每个句子中均有 1个词或短语在括号中，请为每处括号部分的词汇或短语确定1个意义最为接近选项。 1 The rules are too(rigid)to allow for human error. （ A） inflexible （ B） general （ C） complex （ D） direct 2 This species has nearly(died out)because its habitat is being destroyed. （ A） turned
2、 dead （ B） passed by （ C） carried away （ D） become extinct 3 The contract between the two companies will(expire)soon. （ A） shorten （ B） end （ C） start （ D） resume 4 Three world-class tennis players came to(contend)for this title. （ A） argue （ B） claim （ C） wish （ D） compete 5 The methods of communic
3、ation used during the war were(primitive). （ A） simple （ B） reliable （ C） effective （ D） alternative 6 Respect for life is a(cardinal)principle of the law. （ A） moral （ B） regular （ C） fundamental （ D） hard 7 The drinking water has became(contaminated)with lead. （ A） polluted （ B） treated （ C） teste
4、d （ D） corrupted 8 Come out, or Ill(bust)the door down. （ A） shut （ B） set （ C） break （ D） beat 9 She(shed)a few tears at her daughters wedding. （ A） wiped （ B） injected （ C） produced （ D） removed 10 They didnt seem to appreciate the(magnitude)of the problem. （ A） existence （ B） importance （ C） caus
5、e （ D） situation 11 The tower remains(intact)ever after two hundred years. （ A） unknown （ B） unusual （ C） undamaged （ D） unstable 12 Many experts remain(skeptical)about his claims. （ A） doubtful （ B） untouched （ C） certain （ D） silent 13 The proposal was(endorsed)the majority of members. （ A） reject
6、ed （ B） submitted （ C） considered （ D） approved 14 Rumors began to(circulate)about his financial problems. （ A） send （ B） spread （ C） hear （ D） confirm 15 The police will need to keep a(wary)eye on this area of town. （ A） naked （ B） cautious （ C） blind （ D） private 二、 阅读判断 (第 16-22题，每题 1分，共 7分 ) 下面的
7、短文后列出了 7个句子，请根据短文的内容 对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择 A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择 B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择 C。 15 New Understanding of Natural Silks Mysteries Natural silk, as we all know, has a strength that manmade materials have long struggled to match. In a discovery that sounds more like an ancient Chinese proverh
8、than a materials science breakthrough, MIT researchers have discovered that silk gets its strength from its weakness. Or, more specifically, its many weaknesses. Silk gets its extraordinary durability and ductility from an unusual arrangement of hydrogen bonds that are inherently very weak but that
9、work together to create a strong, flexible structure. Most materials especially the ones we engineer for strength get their toughness from brittleness. As such, natural silks like those produced by spiders have long fascinated both biologists and engineers because of their light weight, ductility an
10、d high strength(pound for pound, silk is stronger than steel and far less brittle). But on its face, it doesnt seem that silks should be as strong as they are; molecularly, they are held together by hydrogen bonds, which are far weaker than the covalent bonds found in other molecules. To get a bette
11、r understanding of how silk manages to produce such strength through such weak bonds, the MIT team created a set of computer models that allowed them to observe the way silk behaves at the atomic level. They found that the arrangement of the tiny silk nanocrystals is such that the hydrogen bonds are
12、 able to work cooperatively, reinforcing one another against external forces and failing slowly when they do fail, so as not so allow a sudden fracture to spread across a silk structure. The result is that natural silks can stretch and bend while retaining a high degree of strength. But while thats
13、all well and good for spiders, bees and the like, this understanding of silk geometry could lead to new materials that are stronger and more ductile than those we can currently manufacture. Our best and strongest materials are generally expensive and difficult to produce(requiring high temperature t
14、reatments or energy-intensive processes). By looking to silk as a model, researchers could potentially devise new manufacturing methods that rely on inexpensive materials and weak bonds to create less rigid, more forgiving materials that are nonetheless stronger than anything currently on offer. And
15、 if you thought you were going to get out of this materials science story without hearing about carbon nanotubes, think again. The MIT team is already in the lab looking into ways of synthesizing silk-like structures out of materials that are stronger than natural silk like carbon nanotubes. Super-s
16、ilks are on the horizon. 16 MIT researchers carry out the study to illustrate an ancient Chinese proverb. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 17 Silks strength comes from its weak hydrogen bonds working together. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 18 Biologists and engineers are intereste
17、d in understanding natural silks because they are very light and brittle. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 19 If the hydrogen bonds break due to external forces, they break fast. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 20 The MIT team had tried different materials before they studied natura
18、l silk in their research. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 21 Carbon nanotubes are currently the most popular topic in materials science. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 22 It is indicated that materials stronger than natural silk can be expected in the future. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong
19、 （ C） Not mentioned 三、 概括大意与完成句子 (第 23-30题，每题 1分，共 8分 ) 下面的短文后有 2项测试任务： (1)第 23-26题要求从所给的 6个选项中为第 2-5段每段选择一个最佳标题； (2)第 27-30题要求从所给的 6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。 22 Black Holes 1 Black holes can be best described as a sort of vacuum, sucking up everything in space. Scientists have discovered that black holes
20、come from an explosion of huge stars. Stars that are near death can no longer burn due to loss of fuel, and because its temperature can no longer control the gravitational(重力的 )force, hydrogen ends up putting pressure onto the stars surface until it suddenly explodes then collapses. 2 Black holes co
21、me from stars that are made of hydrogen, other gases and a few metals. When these explode it can turn into a stellar-mass(恒星质量 )black hole, which can only occur if the star is large enough(should be bigger than the sun)for the explosion to break it into pieces, and the gravity starts to compact ever
22、y piece into the tiniest particle. Try to see and compare: if a star thats ten times the size of the sun end up being a black hole thats no longer than 70 kilometers, then the Earth would become black hole thats only a fraction of an inch! 3 Objects that get sucked in a black hole will always remain
23、 there, never to break free. But remember that black holes can only gobble up(吞噬 )objects within a specific distance to it. Its possible for a large star near the sun to become a black hole, but the sun will continue to stay in place. Orbits(轨道 )do not change because the newly formed black hole cont
24、ains exactly the same amount of mass as when it was a star, only its mass is totally contracted that it can end up as no bigger than a state. 4 So far, astronomers have figured out that black holes exist because of Albert Einsteins theory of relativity. In the end, through numerous studies, they hav
25、e discovered that black holes truly exist. Since black holes trap light and do not give off light, it is not possible to detect black holes via a telescope. But astronomers continue to explore galaxies(银河系 ). space and the solar system to understand how black holes. It is possible that black holes c
26、an exist for millions of years, and later contribute further process in galaxies, which can eventually lead to creation of new entities. Scientists also credit black holes as helpful in learning how galaxies began to form. A. What are black holes made of? B. Is there proof that black holes really ex
27、ist? C. How were black holes named? D. How are black holes formed? E. What are different types of black holes? F. What happens to the objects around a black hole? 23 Paragraph 1_. 24 Paragraph 2_. 25 Paragraph 3_. 26 Paragraph 4_. 26 A. a fraction of an inch B. the creation of new entities C. the sa
28、me amount of mass D. the tiniest particle E. an explosion of huge stars F. the existence of black holes 27 Black holes are formed after_. 28 When a large star explodes, the gravity compacts every piece into_. 29 A newly formed black hole and the star it comes from are of_. 30 Albert Einsteins theory
29、 of relativity helps to prove_. 四、 阅读理解 (第 31-45题，每题 3分，共 45分 ) 下面有 3篇短文后有 5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题选 1个最佳选项。 30 Forecasting Methods There are several different methods that can be used to create a forecast. The method forecaster chooses depends upon the experience of the forecaster, the amount of information
30、 available to the forecaster, the level of difficulty that the forecast situation presents, and the degree of accuracy or confidence needed in the forecast. The first of these methods is the persistence method; the simplest way of producing a forecast. The persistence method assumes that the conditi
31、ons at the time of the forecast will not change. For example, if it is sunny and 87 degree today, the persistence method predicts that it will be sunny and 87 degree tomorrow. If two inches of rain fell today, the persistence method would predict two inches of rain for tomorrow. However, if weather
32、conditions change significantly from day to day, the persistence method usually breaks down and is not the best forecasting method to use. The trends method involves determining the speed and direction of movement for fronts, high and low pressure centers, and areas of clouds and precipitation. Usin
33、g this information, the forecaster can predict where he or she expects those features to be at some future time. For example, if a storm system is 1,000 miles west of your location and moving to the east at 250 miles per day, using the trends method you would predict it to arrive in your area in 4 d
34、ays. The trends method works well when systems continue to move at the same speed in the same direction for a long period of time. If they slow down, speed up, change intensity, or change direction, the trends forecast will probably not work as well. The climatology method is another simple way of p
35、roducing a forecast. This method involves averaging weather statistics accumulated over many years to make the forecast. For example, if you were using the climatology method to predict the weather for New York City on July 4th, you would go through all the weather data that has been recorded for ev
36、ery July 4th and take an average. The climatology method only works well when the weather pattern is similar to that expected for the chosen time of year. If the pattern is quite unusual for the given time of year, the climatology method will often fail. The analog method is a slightly more complica
37、ted method of producing a forecast. It involves examining todays forecast scenario and remembering a day in the past when the weather scenario looked very similar(an analog). The forecaster would predict that the weather in this forecast will behave the same as it did in the past. The analog method
38、is difficult to use because it is virtually impossible to find a predict analog. Various weather features rarely align themselves in the same locations they were in the previous time. Even small differences between the current time and the analog can lead to very different results. 31 Which of the f
39、ollowing is NOT mentioned in choosing a forecasting method? （ A） Necessary amount of information. （ B） Degree of difficulty involved in forecasting. （ C） Practical knowledge of the forecaster. （ D） Creativity of the forecaster. 32 The persistence method fails to work well when （ A） it is rainy. （ B）
40、 it is sunny. （ C） weather conditions change greatly. （ D） weather conditions stay stable. 33 The trends method works well when （ A） weather features are defined well enough. （ B） predictions on precipitation are accurate. （ C） weather features are constant for a long period of time. （ D） the speed
41、and direction of movement are predictable. 34 The analog method should not be used in making a weather forecast when （ A） the current weather scenario is different from the analog. （ B） the analog looks complicated. （ C） the analog is more than 10 years old. （ D） the current weather scenario is exac
42、tly the same as the analog. 35 Historical weather data are necessary in （ A） the climatology method and the analog method （ B） the persistence method and the trends method （ C） the trends method and the climatology method （ D） the persistence method and the analog method 35 Students Learn Better wit
43、h Touchscreen Desks Observe the criticisms of nearly any major public education system in the world, and a few of the many complaints are more or less universal. Technology moves faster than the education system. Teachers must teach at the pace of the slowest student rather than the fastest. And par
44、ticularly in the United States grade school children as a group dont care much for, or excel at, mathematics. So its heartening to learn that a new kind of “classroom of the future“ shows promise at mitigating some of these problems, starting with that fundamental piece of classroom furniture: the d
45、esk. AUK study involving roughly 400 students, mostly aged 8-10 years, and a new generation of multi-touch, multi-user, computerized desktop surfaces is showing that over the last three years the technology has appreciably boosted students math skills compared to peers learning the same material via
46、 the conventional paper-and-pencil method. How? Through collaboration, mostly, as well as by giving teachers better tools by which to micromanage individual students who need some extra instruction while allowing the rest of the class to continue moving forward. Science, Clay Dillow, classroom of th
47、e future, education, engineering, math, mathematics, Synergy Net Traditional instruction still shows respectable efficacy at increasing students fluency in mathematics, essentially through memorization and practice dull, repetitive practice. But the researchers have concluded that these new touch sc
48、reen desks boost both fluency and flexibility the critical thinking skills that allow students to solve complex problems not simply through knowing formulas and devices, but by being able to figure out what there all problem is and the most effective means of stripping it down and solving it. One re
49、ason for this, the researchers say, is the multi-touch aspect of the technology. Students working in the next-gen classroom can work together at the same tabletop, each of them contributing and engaging with the problem as part of a group. Known as Synergy Net, the software uses computer vision systems that see in the infrared spectrum to distinguish between different touches on different parts of the surface, allowing students to access and use tools on the screen, move objec
