1、2015年职称英语（理工类） B级真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 词汇选项 (第 1-15题，每题 1分，共 15分 ) 下面每个句子中均有 1个词或短语在括号中，请为每处括号部分的词汇或短语确定1个意义最为接近选项。 1 The organization was bold enough to face the press. （ A） pleased （ B） powerful （ C） brave （ D） sensible 2 I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class. （ A） accept （ B） control （ C）
2、 observe （ D） regulate 3 I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present. （ A） limit （ B） fear （ C） power （ D） fool 4 Most people find rejection hard to accept. （ A） excuse （ B） client （ C） destiny （ D） refusal 5 Shes extremely competent and industrious. （ A） hardworking （ B） honest （ C） ob
3、jective （ D） independent 6 The doctors did not reveal the truth to him. （ A） hide （ B） handle （ C） disclose （ D） establish 7 He tried to assemble his thoughts. （ A） clear （ B） share （ C） gather （ D） spare 8 The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. （ A） message （ B） punishment （ C） g
4、uilt （ D） obligation 9 Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions. （ A） flexible （ B） terrible （ C） reasonable （ D） serious 10 These products are inferior to those we brought last year. （ A） poorer than （ B） narrower than （ C） larger than （ D） richer than 11 The political situation in the
5、region has deteriorated rapidly. （ A） improved （ B） changed （ C） worsened （ D） developed 12 There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next building. （ A） coexisting （ B） fair （ C） full （ D） pubic 13 Theyre petitioning for better facilities for the disabled on public transport. （ A） requesti
6、ng （ B） planning （ C） preparing （ D） looking 14 He said some harsh words about his brother. （ A） unkind （ B） proper （ C） normal （ D） unclear 15 We were attracted by the lure of quick money. （ A） amount （ B） supply （ C） sum （ D） tempt 二、 阅读判断 (第 16-22题，每题 1分，共 7分 ) 下面的短文后列出了 7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果
7、该句提供的是正确信息，请选择 A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择 B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择 C。 15 ADHD Linked to Air Pollutants Children have an increased of attention problems, seen as early as grade school, if their noses inhaled(吸入 )a certain type of air pollution when they were pregnant. Thats the finding of a new study. Released wh
8、en things arent burned completely, this pollution is known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs. The biggest sources of these PAHs: the burning of fossil fuels, wood and trash. Frederica Perera works at Columbia Universitys Mailman School of Public Health in New York City. She researches how
9、 exposure to things in the environment affects childrens health. In a new study, she and her team studied the exposure to air pollution of 233 nonsmoking pregnant women in New York City. Because burning tobacco can spew(排放 )PAHs into the air and lungs, Pereras team focused on nonsmokers. The researc
10、hers wanted to probe(探查 )other sources of PAHs, ones thats would have been hard for an individual to avoid. The team started by testing the blood of each woman during pregnancy. The reason; Any PAHs in a womans blood would also be available to the baby in her womb. Nine years later, the researchers
11、investigated signs of attention problems in those children, now age 9. They asked each childs mother a series of questions. These included whatever her child had problems doing things that needed sustained(长期的 )mental effort, such as homework or games with friends. The scientists also asked if the k
12、ids had trouble following instructions or made frequent, careless mistakes. All of these can be symptoms of a disorder called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD. About one in U. S. children has ADHD. Among the women studied, traffic and home heating were the primary sources of air pol
13、lution exposure, Perera and her team suspect. Some of these women had low levels of PAHs in their blood. Others had high levels. Those with high levels were five times as likely to have children who showed attention problems by age 9. The new findings were published November 5 in the journal PLOS ON
14、E. 16 Perera and her team chose nonsmoking pregnant women all over America. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 17 The main purpose of the research was to find out how exposure to PAHs played a role in harming the subjects physical health. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 18 Nonsmoking
15、mothers were selected because the effect of smoking on PAHs was unclear. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 19 The blood of each woman was tested once a month during pregnancy. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 20 Kids with ADHD commonly fail in school. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not me
16、ntioned 21 The women with high levels of PAHs in their blood were more likely to have kids with ADHD. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 22 Traffic and home heating were considered to be the biggest sources of PAHs for the subjects in the research. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 三、 概
17、括大意与完成句子 (第 23-30题，每题 1分，共 8分 ) 下面的短文后有 2项测试任务： (1)第 23-26题要求从所给的 6个选项中为第 2-5段每段选择一个最佳标题； (2)第 27-30题要求从所给的 6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。 22 First Image-recognition Software 1 Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial intelligence software that uses photos to locate documents on th
18、e Internet with far greater accuracy than ever before. 2 The new system, which was tested on photos and is now being applied to videos, shows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm(运算法则 )for image recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough to improve large-scale documen
19、t searches online. The system uses pixel(像素 )data in images and potentially video rather than just text-to locate documents. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase by studying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledge gleaned(收集 )from those results ca
20、n then be applied to other photos without tags or captions(图片说明 ), making for more accurate document search results. 3 “ Over the last 30 years, “ says Associate Professor Lorenzo Torresani, a co-author of the stud- y, “ the Web has evolved from a small collection of mostly text documents to a moder
21、n, massive, fast-growing multimedia data set, where nearly every page includes multiple pictures or videos. When a person looks at a Web page, he immediately gets the gist(主旨 )of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, all existing popular search engines, such as Google or Bing, stri
22、p away the information contained in the photos and use exclusively the text of Web pages to perform the document retrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systems are accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the information contained in image pixels to improv
23、e document search. “ 4 The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system a type of artificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicidy programmed that extracts semantic(语义的 )information from the pixels of photos in Web pages. This information is used to enrich th
24、e description of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. The researchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries(查询 )on a database of 50 million Web pages. They selected the text-retrieval search engine with the best performance and modified it to make use of th
25、e additional semantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Web pages. They found that this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision over the original search engine purely based on text. A Function of the new system B Improvement in document retrieval C Publication of
26、the new discovery D Problems of the existing search engines E Popularity of the new system F Artificial intelligence software created 23 Paragraph 1_ 24 Paragraph 2_ 25 Paragraph 3_ 26 Paragraph 4_ 26 A using photos B description of the HTML page C current popular search engines D document search E
27、information in images F machine vision systems 27 The new system does document retrieval by . 28 The new system is expected to improve precision in _. 29 When performing document retrieval the existing search engines ignore_. 30 The new system was found more effective in document search than the_. 四
28、、 阅读理解 (第 31-45题，每题 3分，共 45分 ) 下面有 3篇短文后有 5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题选 1个最佳选项。 30 Why Buy Shade-Grown Coffee? When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, theyre usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it good for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you conce
29、ntrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too. Traditionally, coffee bushes were planted under the canopy(树冠 )of taller indigenous(土生土长的 )trees. However, more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees. At first, this i
30、ncreases production because more coffee bushes can be planted if there arent any trees. With increased production come increased profits. Unfortunately, deforesting for coffee production immediately decreases local wildlife habitat. Native birds nest and hide from predators(捕食者 )in the tall trees an
31、d migrating birds rest there. Furthermore, in the long term, the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are needed to grow the coffee. The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects that eat coffee plant, but then the birds eat the poisoned insects a
32、nd also die. The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well, and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink. Fortunately, farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade. We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as
33、“shade grown“ and “bird friendly. “ Sure, these varieties might cost a little more. But were paying for the health of the birds, the land, ourselves, and the planet. I think its worth it. 31 What is the main idea of this passage? （ A） Farmers are changing the way they grow coffee. （ B） Coffee is bec
34、oming more expensive to produce. （ C） Shade-grown coffee is more expensive than sun-grown coffee. （ D） People should buy shade - grown coffee. 32 The function of the word “Traditionally“ in Paragraph 2 is to show_. （ A） the positive effects of coffee （ B） a change of coffee growth （ C） something tha
35、t is the most important （ D） how coffee production used to be 33 What does increased production of full-sun coffee bring about? （ A） More insects. （ B） Better quality coffee. （ C） Larger farms. （ D） Higher profits. 34 How do farmers find more land for growing full - sun coffee? （ A） They buy more la
36、nd from other farmers. （ B） They cut down trees. （ C） They move to another country. （ D） They turn grassland into farmland. 35 The full-sun method may affect the following EXCEPT_. （ A） insects （ B） air （ C） birds （ D） humans 35 More Rural Research is Needed Agricultural research funding is vital if
37、 the world is to feed itself better than it does now. Dr. Tony Fischer, crop scientist, said demand was growing at 2.5% per year but with modem technologies and the development of new ones, the world should be able to stay ahead. “The global decline in investment in international agricultural resear
38、ch must be reversed if significant progress is to be made towards reducing malnutrition(营养不良 )and poverty. “ he said. Research is needed to solve food production, land degradation(贫瘠化 )and environmental problems. Secure local food supplies led to economic growth which in turn, slowed population grow
39、th. Dr. Fischer painted a picture of the worlds ability to feed itself in the first 25 years, when the worlds population is expected to rise from 5.8 to 8 billion people. He said that things will probably hold or improve but therell still be a lot of hungry people. The biggest concentration of poor
40、and hungry people would be in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia in 2020, similar to the current pattern. If there is any change, a slight improvement will be seen in southern Asia, but not in sub-Saharan Africa. The major improvement will be in East Asia, South America and South-East Asia. The de
41、veloping world was investing about 0. 5% , or $8 billion a year, of its agricultural gross domestic product(GDP)on research and developed world was spending 2. 5% of its GDP. Dr. Fischer said more was needed from all countries. He said crop research could produce technologies that spread across many
42、 countries, such as wheat production research having spin-offs(有用的副产品 )for Mexico, China or India. “Technologies still need to be refined for the local conditions but a lot of the strategic research can have global application, so that money can be used very efficiendy. “ Dr. Fischer said. Yields of
43、 rice, wheat ad maize(玉米 )have grown impressively in the past 30 years, especially in developing countries. For example, maize production rose from 2 to 8 tones per hectare between 1950 and 1995. But technologies driving this growth such as high-yield varieties, fertilizers , and irrigation, were be
44、coming exhausted. “ If you want to save the land for non-agricultural activities, for forests and wildlife, youre going to have to increase yield. “ Dr. Fischer said. 36 What is the main idea mainly about? （ A） Shortage of food supplies. （ B） Development of agricultural technologies. （ C） Importance
45、 of agricultural research. （ D） Expectation of population growth. 37 Which of the following statements is true about the worlds agricultural research funding? （ A） It is increasing among developed countries. （ B） It is decreasing worldwide. （ C） Less is demanded from developing countries. （ D） Most
46、of it is spent very efficiendy. 38 What is the picture of Asias food supplies in the first 25 years? （ A） Food shortage will not be a problem. （ B） There will be more hungry people in southern Asia. （ C） Population growth will result in more hungry people. （ D） There will be fewer hungry people in E
47、ast Asia. 39 What does Dr. Fischer say about technologies? （ A） They are cosdy. （ B） They have to be improved to meet local needs. （ C） Their application is limited. （ D） They have to be applied locally. 40 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_. （ A） there is a demand for saving land for
48、non-agricultural activities （ B） crop production is growing faster in developing countries （ C） maize production reached its peak in the 1990s （ D） technologies improving maize production have been well developed 40 Dangers Await Babies with Altitude Women who live in the worlds highest communities
49、tend to give birth to under-weight babies , a new study suggests. These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes. Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. But it wasnt clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down. T
