1、2016年职称英语（卫生类） A级真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 词汇选项 (第 1-15题，每题 1分，共 15分 ) 下面每个句子中均有 1个词或短语在括号中，请为每处括号部分的词汇或短语确定1个意义最为接近选项。 1 He wore a shabby thin overcoat in the cold winter so that he fell ill. （ A） old （ B） big （ C） new （ D） small 2 The weather was so gorgeous that many people went outing. （ A） uncontrollable （
2、 B） pleasant （ C） cloudy （ D） unbearable 3 Competitors must abide by the judge s decision. （ A） keep （ B） read （ C） understand （ D） obey 4 The umbrella was ingeniously devised to fold up into the pocket. （ A） seriously （ B） cleverly （ C） attentively （ D） carefully 5 Some newspapers in the west are n
3、otably biased. （ A） especially （ B） wholly （ C） totally （ D） fairly 6 His answers were obscure and confusing. （ A） unclear （ B） obvious （ C） clear （ D） direct 7 The way she looked after her young sister was really touching. （ A） disturbing （ B） connecting （ C） moving （ D） waving 8 We are worried abo
4、ut this fluid situation full with uncertainty. （ A） stable （ B） suitable （ C） changeable （ D） adaptable 9 They have built canals to irrigate the desert. （ A） decorate （ B） change （ C） visit （ D） water 10 The details of the costume were totally authentic. （ A） outstanding （ B） real （ C） creative （ D）
5、 false 11 The new garment fits her perfectly. （ A） clothes （ B） haircut （ C） purse （ D） necklace 12 Only people over 18 are eligible to vote. （ A） honest （ B） qualified （ C） enabled （ D） clever 13 The latest car model embodies the new research development. （ A） lists （ B） includes （ C） borrows （ D）
6、broadens 14 The coastal area has very mild winter, but the central plains remain extremely cold. （ A） severe （ B） hard （ C） warm （ D） dry 15 She is an artist whose work will undoubtedly withstand the test of time. （ A） grade （ B） attract （ C） bear （ D） suffer 二、 阅读判断 (第 16-22题，每题 1分，共 7分 ) 下面的短文后列出了
7、 7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择 A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择 B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择 C。 15 Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart Attack German researchers have come up with a new generation of defibrillators(除颤器 )and early-warning software aimed at offering heart patients greater protection from sud
8、den death from cardiac arrest(心脏骤停 ). In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases are caused by disruption to the heart s rhythm. Those most at risk are patients who have already suffered a heart attack, and for years the use of defibrill
9、ators has proved useful in diagnosing life-threatening disruptions to heart rhythms and correcting them automatically by intervening within seconds. These devices take on a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker. Heart specialists at Freiburg s University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrou
10、gh with an implanted defibrillator capable of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram(ECG)within the-body. This integrated system allows early diagnosis of acute blood-flow problems and a pending(潜在的 )heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time this year. Meanwhile, research
11、ers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed a new computer software that renders the evaluation of ECG data more precise. The overwhelming majority of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this reason undergo regular ECGs.
12、 “ Many of the current programs only take into account a linear correlation of the data. We are, however, making use of a non-linear process that reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system,“ Hagen Knaf says. “In this way changes in the heart beats over time can be moni
13、tored and individual variations in patients taken into account. “ An old study of ECG data, based upon 600 patients who had suffered a subsequent heart attack, enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show that the new software evaluates the data considerably better. 16 A new type of defibril
14、lators can be used to prevent cardiovascular diseases. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 17 Cardiac arrest is caused mostly by disruption to the heart s rhythm. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 18 Defibrillators are useful in curing patients constantly under the threat of heart attack
15、. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 19 The new computer software is designed by a German Company. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 20 The non-linear process has taken into account the individual variations in patients. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 21 The early-warning soft
16、ware is unique in its data collection. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 22 The researchers proved the validity of the new software via ECG data of an old study. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 三、 概括大意与完成句子 (第 23-30题，每题 1分，共 8分 ) 下面的短文后有 2项测试任务： (1)第 23-26题要求从所给的 6个选项中为第 2-5段每段选择一个最佳
17、标题； (2)第 27-30题要求从所给的 6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。 22 Sleep Well to Be Well 1 Do you often feel tired in the morning even though you ve been in bed for seven or eight hours the night before? Like many people, you are not sleeping as much as you think you are. In other words, your sleep efficiency is not that
18、 good. 2 Sleep experts define “sleep efficiency“ as the percentage of time lying down that you are actually sleeping. According to the Explanatory Journal, the science of sleep efficiency is still young. There is no specific number for efficiency that s been proven as linked to poor health. However,
19、according to a New York Times report about sleep quality, some experts estimate a rough ballpark(范围 )of 85 percent or above as a decent place to be. 3 Short wavelength blue light, emitted(放出 )by the sun and by the screens of computers, iPads and smartphones,stops production of the sleep-inducing hor
20、mone melatonin(褪黑素 )and makes you feel more active. Blue light tells your brain it s daytime. Experts suggest turning off your computers and smartphones one hour or at least 30 minutes before bed. 4 Go to bed and wake up at the same time, or relatively the same time, every day. Avoid binge sleeping(
21、狂睡 )on the weekend. Consistency is the key to a good night s sleep, especially when it comes to waking up. When you have a consistent wake-up time, your brain accustoms to this and moves through the sleep cycle in preparation for you to feel rested and active at your wake-up time. 5 One of the bigge
22、st peaks in melatonin production happens during the 1 to 3 pm time frame, which explains why most people feel sleepy in the afternoon. If you aren t getting enough sleep at night, you re likely going to feel an overwhelming desire to sleep in the afternoon. When this happens , you re better off taki
23、ng a short nap than resorting to caffeine or strong tea to keep you awake. A short nap will give you the rest you need to get through the rest of the afternoon, and youll sleep much better in the evening than if you drink caffeine or take a long afternoon nap. A Define the sleep related terms B Take
24、 naps C Turn off the devices emitting blue light D Keep a consistent sleep schedule E Improve sleep quality F Avoid blue light at night 23 Paragraph 2_ 24 Paragraph 3_ 25 Paragraph 4_ 26 Paragraph 5_ 26 A a long afternoon nap B the peak production of melatonin C poor health D low sleep efficiency E
25、good sleep efficiency F exposure to blue light 27 The tiredness in the morning even after many hours in bed is due to_. 28 Sleeping less than 85% of the time spent lying in bed might cause_. 29 A lower production of the hormone melatonin is due to_. 30 A strong desire to sleep in the afternoon is th
26、e result of_. 四、 阅读理解 (第 31-45题，每题 3分，共 45分 ) 下面有 3篇短文后有 5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题选 1个最佳选项。 30 Can Added Calcium Help Older Bones? New Zealand researchers say guidelines advising seniors to consume at least 1,000 to 1,200 milligrams of calcium a day are misplaced. No proof was found that boosting calcium inta
27、ke beyond normal dietary levels strengthens older bones or prevents fractures, said researcher Dr. Mark Bolland, a professor at the University of Auckland. “We ve gathered all the clinical studies of calcium supplements and dietary calcium intake for both bone density and fractures,“ said Bolland. “
28、 Taken together, we think this is the strongest possible evidence that taking calcium supplements will not be beneficial unless there are clear medical reasons that a calcium supplement is needed,“ he said. Moreover,excess calcium supplementation can be harmful, he and other experts said. “The findi
29、ngs probably will surprise clinicians and patients“ , Bolland said, “ because they have received very strong messages for many years about the importance of calcium for bone health in guidelines for osteoporosis(骨质疏松症 )management and by osteoporosis advocacy groups. “Clinical trials have shown that
30、calcium supplements often cause minor gastrointestinal(胃肠的 )side effects such as constipation(便秘 )“ ,Bolland said. “They also cause a small increased risk of kidney stones, heart attacks, high calcium levels and hospitalization with acute gastrointestinal symptoms. “He also said. “The small risk of
31、these important adverse effects,together with the moderate risk of minor side effects such as constipation, outweighs any benefits of calcium supplements on fracture. “ However,Dr. Duffy MacKay,president for the Council for Responsible Nutrition,disagreed with Bolland s conclusions, and countered th
32、at scientific evidence does show that calcium reduces fracture risk. “The degree of benefit varies from study to study, “he said. “However, the largest benefit is generally found in those who take their calcium supplements throughout the entirety of a study. Other important factors that influence th
33、e benefit of calcium supplementation include giving calcium supplements with other important bone nutrients including vitamin D and vitamin K. “ 31 Dr. Bolland says that calcium intake beyond normal dietary levels has_. （ A） a positive effect on older bones （ B） an effective power on healing fractur
34、es （ C） not been beneficial to the legs （ D） not been proved effective 32 The clinical studies have been gathered to investigate_. （ A） both calcium supplements and calcium intake （ B） either calcium supplements or calcium intake （ C） either bone density or fractures （ D） both bone density and fract
35、ures 33 The findings about the excess calcium intake are surprising because they are_. （ A） put forward by famous researchers （ B） advocated in the guidelines for bone health （ C） different from the long-standing concepts （ D） only discussed within a few years 34 The adverse effects from the calcium
36、 supplements include the following EXCEPT_. （ A） constipation （ B） forgetfulness （ C） heart attacks （ D） kidney stones 35 According to Dr. MacKay, the most important factor affecting the result of the study is （ A） the continuous intake （ B） the amount of intake （ C） the age of patients （ D） the gen
37、der of patients 35 Deforestation and Desertification(沙漠化 ) The Sahel zone lies between the Sahara desert and the fertile savannahs(热带大草原 )of northern Nigeria and South Sudan. The word “sahel“ comes from Arabic and means marginal or transitional, and this is a good description of these semi-arid(半干旱
38、)lands,which occupy much of the Western African countries of Mail, Mauritania, Niger, and Chad. Unfortunately, over the last century the Sahara desert has steadily crept southwards eating into once productive Sahellands. United Nations surveys show that over 70 percent of the dry land in agriculture
39、 use in Africa has deteriorated over the last 30 years. Droughts have become more severe, the most recent lasting over twenty years in parts of the Sahel region. The same process of desertification is taking place across southern Africa as the Kalahari desert advances into Botswana and parts of Sout
40、h Africa. One of the major causes of this desert advance is poor agricultural land use, driven by the pressures of increasing population. Overgrazing keeping too many farm animals on the land means that grasses and other plants cannot recover, and scarce water supplies are exhausted. Over cultivatio
41、n trying to grow too many crops on poor land results in the soil becoming even less fertile and drier, and beginning to break up. Soil erosion(侵蚀 )follows, and the land turns into desert. Another cause of desertification is loss of tree cover. Trees are cut down for use as fuel and to clear land for
42、 agricultural use. Tree roots help to bind the soil together, to conserve moisture, and to provide a habitat for other plants and animals. When trees are cut down, the soil begins to dry and loosen, wind and rain erosion increase, other plant species die, and eventually the fertile topsoil may be al
43、most entirely lost, leaving only bare rock and dust. The effects of loss of topsoil and increased drought are irreversible. They are, however, preventable. Careful conservation of tree cover and sustainable agricultural land use have been shown to halt deterioration of soils and lessen the effects o
44、f shortage of rainfall. One project in Kita in southwest Mali funded by UNDP has involved local communities in sustainable management of forest, while at the same time providing a viable(有活力的 )agricultural economy. This may be a model for similar projects in other West African countries. 36 The Sahe
45、l zone is an area which_. （ A） is covered with sand and grass （ B） has a long history （ C） occupies much of South Nigeria （ D） belongs to Sudan 37 What is the situation about the desertification in Africa? （ A） The deserts are replaced with grasslands. （ B） The deserts are expanding. （ C） The desert
46、s are moving northwards. （ D） The deserts are being deserted. 38 The word “deteriorated“ in Paragraph 2 means_ （ A） deepened （ B） suffered （ C） slipped （ D） worsened 39 What is the root cause of desertification? （ A） Poor farming. （ B） Overpopulation. （ C） Radical climate change. （ D） Disappearance
47、of rare plant species. 40 In order to prevent desertification, the author proposes_. （ A） making good use of international aids （ B） developing a sustainable agricultural economy （ C） gaining international support （ D） converting agricultural land into forest 40 Living Alone Could Be Good for Your W
48、eight Good news for people living alone: A forthcoming paper shows that single adults of any sexual orientation are physically healthier when it comes to body mass index(BMI). The study,which appears in the January edition of the Journal of Family Issues, found that living without a partner either d
49、ivorced or never married is associated with lower body weight. On the other hand, co-habiters and married people, whether male or female, had higher BMIs, a calculation of weight and height that studies have linked to chronic conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, some types of cancers, and, ultimately, higher rates of mortality. Sociologist Jay Teachman of Western Washington University used 20 years of data from the 1979 National Lo
