1、GMAT（ VERBAL）阅读模拟试卷 14及答案与解析 0 Kazuko Nakane s history of the early Japanese immigrants to central Californias Pajaro Valley focuses on the development of farming communities there from 1890 to 1940. The Issei(first-generation immigrants)were brought into the Pajaro Valley to raise sugar beets. Like
2、 Issei laborers in American cities, Japanese men in rural areas sought employment via the “boss“ system. The system comprised three elements: immigrant wage laborers; Issei boardinghouses where laborers stayed; and labor contractors, who gathered workers for a particular job and then negotiated a co
3、ntract between workers and employer. This same system was originally utilized by the Chinese laborers who had preceded the Japanese. A re- lated institution was the “labor club,“ which provided job information and negotiated employment contracts and other legal matters, such as the rental of land, f
4、or Issei who chose to belong and paid an annual fee to the cooperative for membership. When the local sugar beet industry collapsed in 1902, the Issei began to lease land from the valley s strawberry farmers. The Japanese provided the labor and the crop was divided between laborers and landowners. T
5、he Issei thus moved quickly from wage-labor employment to sharecropping agreements. A limited amount of economic progress was made as some Issei were able to rent or buy farmland directly, while others joined together to form farming corporation. As the Issei began to operate farms, they began to ma
6、rry and start families, forming an established Japanese American community. Unfortunately, the Isseis efforts to attain a-gricultural independence were hampered by government restrictions, such as the Alien Land Law of 1913. But immigrants could circumvent such exclusionary laws by leasing or purcha
7、sing land in their American-born childrens names. Nakane s case study of one rural Japanese American community provides valuable information about the lives and experiences of the Issei. It is, however, too particularistic. This limitation de- rives from Nakane s methodology that of oral history whi
8、ch cannot substitute for a broader theoretical or comparative perspective. Future research might well consider two issues raised by her study: were the Issei of the Pajaro Valley similar to or different from Issei in urban settings, and what variations existed between rural Japanese American communi
9、ties? 1 The primary purpose of the passage is to （ A） defend a controversial hypothesis presented in a history of early Japanese immigrants to California. （ B） dismiss a history of an early Japanese settlement in California as narrow and ill constructed. （ C） summarize and critique a history of an e
10、arly Japanese settlement in California. （ D） compare a history of one Japanese American community with studies of Japanese settlements throughout California. （ E） examine the differences between Japanese and Chinese immigrants to central California in the 1890s. 2 Which of the following best describ
11、es a “labor club,“ as defined in the passage? （ A） An organization to which Issei were compelled to belong if they sought employment in the Pajaro Valley. （ B） An association whose members included labor contractors and landowning “bosses“. （ C） A type of farming corporation set up by Issei who had
12、resided in the Pajaro Valley for some time. （ D） A cooperative association whose members were dues-paying Japanese laborers. （ E） A social organization to which Japanese laborers and their families belonged. 3 Based on information in the passage, which of the following statements concerning the Alie
13、n Land Law of 1913 is most accurate? （ A） It excluded American-born citizens of Japanese ancestry from landowner-ship. （ B） It sought to restrict the number of foreign immigrants to California. （ C） It successfully prevented Issei from ever purchasing farmland. （ D） It was applicable to first-genera
14、tion immigrants but not to their American-born children. （ E） It was passed under pressure from the Pajaro Valleys strawberry farmers. 4 Several Issei families join together to purchase a strawberry field and the necessary farming equipment. Such a situation best exemplifies which of the following,
15、as it is described in the passage? （ A） A typical sharecropping agreement. （ B） A farming corporation. （ C） A “labor club“. （ D） The “boss“ system. （ E） Circumvention of the Alien Land Law. 5 The passage suggests that which of the following was an indirect consequence of the collapse of the sugar be
16、et industry in the Pajaro Valley? （ A） The Issei formed a permanent, family-based community. （ B） Boardinghouses were built to accommodate the Issei. （ C） The Issei began to lease land in their childrens names. （ D） The Issei adopted a labor contract system similar to that used by Chinese immigrants
17、. （ E） The Issei suffered a massive dislocation caused by unemployment. 6 The author of the passage would most likely agree that which of the following, if it had been included in Nakane s study, would best remedy the particularistic nature of that study? （ A） A statistical table comparing per capit
18、a income of Issei wage laborers and sharecroppers in the Pajaro Valley. （ B） A statistical table showing per capita income of Issei in the Pajaro Valley from 1890 to 1940. （ C） A statistical table showing rates of farm ownership by Japanese Americans in four central California counties from 1890 to
19、1940. （ D） A discussion of original company documents dealing with the Pajaro Valley sugar beet industry at the turn of the century. （ E） Transcripts of interviews conducted with members of the Pajaro Valley Japanese American community who were born in the 1920s and 1930s. 7 It can be inferred from
20、the passage that, when the Issei began to lease land from the Valley s strawberry farmers, the Issei most probably did which of the following? （ A） They used profits made from selling the strawberry crop to hire other Issei. （ B） They negotiated such agricultural contracts using the “boss“ system. （
21、 C） They paid for the use of the land with a share of the strawberry crop. （ D） They earned higher wages than when they raised sugar beets. （ E） They violated the Alien Land Law. 7 It can be argued that much consumer dissatisfaction with marketing strategies arises from an inability to aim advertisi
22、ng at only the likely buyers of a given product. There are three groups of consumers who are affected by the marketing process. First, there is the market segment people who need the commodity in question. Second, there is the program target people in the market segment with the “best fit“ character
23、istics for a specific product. Lots of people may need trousers, but only a few qualify as likely buyers of very expensive designer trousers. Finally, there is the program audience all people who are actually exposed to the marketing program without regard to whether they need or want the product. T
24、hese three groups are rarely identical. An exception occurs occasionally in cases where customers for a particular industrial product may be few and easily identifiable. Such customers, all sharing a particular need, are likely to form a meaningful target, for example, all companies with a particula
25、r application of the product in question, such as highspeed fillers of bottles at breweries. In such circumstances, direct selling(marketing that reaches only the program target)is likely to be economically justified, and highly specialized trade media exist to expose members of the program target a
26、nd only members of the program target to the marketing program. Most consumer-goods markets are significantly different. Typically, there are many rather than few potential customers. Each represents a relatively small percentage of potential sales. Rarely do members of a particular market segment g
27、roup themselves neatly in- to a meaningful program target. There are substantial differences among consumers with similar demographic characteristics. Even with all the past decade s advances in information tech- nology, direct selling of consumer goods is rare, and mass marketing a marketing approa
28、ch that aims at a wide audience remains the only economically feasible mode. Unfortunately, there are few media that allow the marketer to direct a marketing program exclusively to the program target. Inevitably, people get exposed to a great deal of marketing for products in which they have no in-
29、terest and so they become annoyed. 8 The passage suggests which of the following about highly specialized trade media? （ A） They should be used only when direct selling is not economically feasible. （ B） They can be used to exclude from the program audience people who are not part of the program tar
30、get. （ C） They are used only for very expensive products. （ D） They are rarely used in the implementation of marketing programs for industrial products. （ E） They are used only when direct selling has not reached the appropriate market segment. 9 According to the passage, most consumer-goods markets
31、 share which of the following characteristics? I . Customers who differ significantly from each other. II. Large numbers of potential customers. III . Customers who each represent a small percentage of potential sales. （ A） I only （ B） II only （ C） I and II only （ D） II and III only （ E） I , II and
32、III 10 The passage suggests which of the following about direct selling? （ A） It is used in the marketing of most industrial products. （ B） It is often used in cases where there is a large program target. （ C） It is not economically feasible for most marketing programs. （ D） It is used only for prod
33、ucts for which there are many potential customers. （ E） It is less successful at directing a marketing program to the target audience than are other marketing approaches. 11 The author mentions “trousers“(line 13)most likely in order to （ A） make a comparison between the program target and the progr
34、am audience. （ B） emphasize the similarities between the market segment and the program target. （ C） provide an example of the way three groups of consumers are affected by a marketing program. （ D） clarify the distinction between the market segment and the program target. （ E） introduce the concept
35、 of the program audience. 12 Which of the following best exemplifies the situation described in the last two sentences of the passage? （ A） A product suitable for women age 21 -30 is marketed at meetings attended only by potential customers. （ B） A company develops a new product and must develop an
36、advertising campaign to create a market for it. （ C） An idea for a specialized product remains unexplored because media exposure of the product to its few potential customers would be too expensive. （ D） A new product is developed and marketers collect demographic data on potential consumers before
37、developing a specific advertising campaign. （ E） A product suitable for men age 60 and over is advertised in a magazine read by adults of all ages. 13 The passage suggests that which of the following is true about the marketing of industrial products like those discussed in the second paragraph? （ A
38、） The market segment and program target are identical. （ B） Mass marketing is the only feasible way of advertising such products. （ C） The marketing program cannot be directed specifically to the program target. （ D） More customers would be needed to justify the expense of direct selling. （ E） The p
39、rogram audience would necessarily be made up of potential customers, regardless of the marketing approach that was used. 14 The passage supports which of the following statements about demographic characteristics and marketing? （ A） Demographic research is of no use in determining how successful a p
40、roduct will be with a particular group of consumers. （ B） A program audience is usually composed of people with similar demographic characteristics. （ C） Psychological factors are more important than demographic factors in defining a market segments. （ D） Consumers with similar demographic character
41、istics do not necessarily form a meaningful program target. （ E） Collecting demographic data is the first step that marketers take in designing a marketing program. 15 It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true for most consumer-goods markets? （ A） The program audience i
42、s smaller than the market segment. （ B） The program audience and the market segment are usually identical. （ C） The market segment and the program target are usually identical. （ D） The program target is larger than the market segment. （ E） The program target and the program audience are not usually
43、 identical. 15 Protein synthesis begins when the gene encoding a protein is activated. The gene s sequence of nucleotides is transcribed into a molecule of messenger RNA(mRNA), which reproduces the information contained in that sequence. Transported outside the nucleus to the cytoplasm, the mRNA is
44、translated into the protein it encodes by an organelle known as a ribosome, which strings together amino acids in the order specified by the sequence of elements in the mRNA molecule. Since the amount of mRNA in a cell determines the amount of the corresponding protein, factors affecting the abundan
45、ce of mRNA s play a major part in the normal functioning of a cell by appropriately regulating protein synthesis. For example, an excess of certain proteins can cause cells to proliferate abnormally and become cancerous; a lack of the protein insulin results in diabetes. Biologists once assumed that
46、 the variable rates at which cells synthesize different mRNA s determine the quantities of mRNAs and their corresponding proteins in a cell. However, recent investigations have shown that the con- centrations of most mRNA s correlate best, not with their synthesis rate, but rather with the equally v
47、ariable rates at which cells degrade the different mRNA s in their cytoplasm. If a cell de- grades both a rapidly and a slowly synthesized mRNA slowly, both mRNA s will accumulate to high levels. An important example of this phenomenon is the development of red blood cells from their unspecialized p
48、arent cells in bone marrow. For red blood cells to accumulate sufficient concentrations of hemoglobin(which transports oxygen) to carry out their main function, the cells parent cells must simultaneously produce more of the constituent proteins of hemoglobin and less of most other proteins. To do th
49、is, the parent cells halt synthesis of non- hemoglobin mRNAs in the nucleus and rapidly degrade copies of the non-hemoglobin mRNAs remaining in the cytoplasm. Halting synthesis of mRNA alone would not affect the quantities of proteins synthesized by the mRNA s still existing in the cytoplasm. Biologists now believe that most cells can regulate protein production most efficiently by varying both mRNA synthesis and degradation, as developing red cells do, rather than by just varying one or the other. 16 The passage is primarily concerned with discussing the
