1、GMAT（ VERBAL）阅读练习试卷 5及答案与解析 1 Australian researchers have discovered electroreceptors (sensory organs designed to respond to electrical fields) clustered at the tip of the spiny anteaters snout. The researchers made this discovery by exposing small areas of (5) the snout to extremely weak electrical
2、 fields and recording the transmission of resulting nervous activity to the brain. While it is true that tactile receptors, another kind of sensory organ on the anteaters snout, can also respond to electrical stimuli, such receptors do so only in response to ( 10) electrical field strengths about 1,
3、000 times greater than those known to excite electroreceptors. Having discovered the electroreceptors, researchers are now investigating how anteaters utilize such a sophisticated sensory system. In one behavioral experiment, researchers (15) successfully trained an anteater to distinguish between t
4、wo troughs of water, one with a weak electrical field and the other with none. Such evidence is consistent with researchers hypothesis that anteaters use electroreceptors to detect electrical signals given off by prey; however, ( 20) researchers as yet have been unable to detect electrical signals e
5、manating from termite mounds, where the favorite food of anteaters live. Still, researchers have observed anteaters breaking into a nest of ants at an oblique angle and quickly locating nesting chambers. This ability quickly (25)to locate unseen prey suggests, according to the researchers, that the
6、anteaters were using their electroreceptors to locate the nesting chambers. 1 According to the passage, which of the following is a characteristic that distinguishes electroreceptors from tactile receptors? （ A） The manner in which electroreceptors respond to electrical stimuli （ B） The tendency of
7、electroreceptors to be found in clusters （ C） The unusual locations in which electroreceptors are found in most species. （ D） The amount of electrical stimulation required to excite electroreceptors （ E） The amount of nervous activity transmitted to the brain by electroreceptors when they are excite
8、d 2 Which of the following can be inferred about the experiment described in the first paragraph? （ A） Researchers had difficulty verifying the existence of electroreceptors in the anteater because electroreceptors respond to such a narrow range of electrical field strengths. （ B） Researchers found
9、that the level of nervous activity in the anteaters brain increased dramatically as the strength of the electrical stimulus was increased. （ C） Researchers found that some areas of the anteaters snout were not sensitive to a weak electrical stimulus. （ D） Researchers found that the anteaters tactile
10、 receptors were more easily excited by a strong electrical stimulus than were the electro receptors （ E） Researchers tested small areas of the anteaters snout in order to ensure that only electroreceptors were responding to the stimulus. 3 The author of the passage most probably discusses the functi
11、on of tactile receptors (lines 7-11) in order to_ （ A） eliminate and alternative explanation of anteaters response to electrical stimuli （ B） highlight a type of sensory organ that has a function identical to that of electroreceptors （ C） point out a serious complication in the research on electrore
12、ceptors in anteaters. （ D） suggest that tactile receptors assist electroreceptors in the detection of electrical signals. （ E） introduce a factor that was not addressed in the research on electroreceptors in anteaters. 4 Which of the following can be inferred about anteaters from the behavioral expe
13、riment mentioned in the second paragraph? （ A） They are unable to distinguish between stimuli detected by their electroreceptors and stimuli detected by their tactile receptors. （ B） They are unable to distinguish between the electrical signals emanating from termite mounds and those emanating from
14、ant nests. （ C） They can be trained to recognize consistently the presence of a particular stimulus. （ D） They react more readily to strong than to weak stimuli. （ E） They are more efficient at detecting stimuli in a controlled environment than in a natural environment. 5 The passage suggests that t
15、he researchers mentioned in the second paragraph who observed anteaters break into a nest of ants would most likely agree with which of the following statements? （ A） The event they observed provides conclusive evidence that anteaters use their electroreceptors to locate unseen prey. （ B） The event
16、they observed was atypical and may not reflect the usual hunting practices of anteaters. （ C） It is likely that the anteaters located the ants nesting chambers without the assistance of electroreceptors. （ D） Anteaters possess a very simple sensory system for use in locating prey. （ E） The speed wit
17、h which the anteaters located their prey is greater than what might be expected on the basis of chance alone. 6 Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the hypothesis mentioned in lines 17-19? （ A） Researchers are able to train anteaters to break into an underground chamber that is em
18、itting a strong electrical signal. （ B） Researchers are able to detect a weak electrical signal emanating from the nesting chamber of an ant colony. （ C） Anteaters are observed taking increasingly longer amounts of time to locate the nesting chambers of ants. （ D） Anteaters are observed using variou
19、s angles to break into nests of ants. （ E） Anteaters are observed using the same angle used with nests of ants to break into the nests of other types of prey. 7 When A. Philip Randolph assumed the leadership of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, he began a ten-year battle to win recognition fr
20、om the Pullman Company, the largest private employer of Black people in the United (5) States and the company that controlled the railroad industrys sleeping car and parlor service. In 1935 the Brotherhood became the first Black union recognized by a major corporation. Randolphs efforts in the battl
21、e helped transform the attitude of Black workers toward unions and (10) toward themselves as an identifiable group; eventually, Randolph helped to weaken organized labors antagonism toward Black workers. In the Pullman contest Randolph faced formidable obstacles. The first was Black workers understa
22、ndable ( 15) skepticism toward unions, which had historically barred Black workers from membership. An additional obstacle was the union that Pullman itself had formed, which weakened support among Black workers for an independent entity. (20) The Brotherhood possessed a number of advantages, howeve
23、r, including Randolphs own tactical abilities. In 1928 he took the bold step of threatening a strike against Pullman. Such a threat, on a national scale, under Black leadership, helped replace the stereotype of the Black (25)worker as servant with the image of the Black worker as wage earner. In add
24、ition, the porters very isolation aided the Brotherhood. Porters were scattered throughout the country, sleeping in dormitories in Black communities; their segregated life protected the unions internal (30) communications from interception. That the porters were a homogeneous group working for a sin
25、gle employer with single labor policy, thus sharing the same grievances from city to city, also strengthened the Brotherhood and encour- aged racial identity and solidarity as well. But it was only (35) in the early 1930s that federal legislation prohibiting a company from maintaining its own unions
26、 with company money eventually allowed the Brotherhood to become recognized as the porters representative. Not content with this triumph, Randolph brought the (40)Brotherhood into the American Federation of Labor, where it became the equal of the Federations 105 other unions. He reasoned that as a m
27、ember union, the Brotherhood would be in a better position to exert pressure on member unions that practiced race restrictions. Such restrictions were eventually found unconstitutional in 1944. 7 According to the passage, by 1935 the skepticism of Black workers toward unions was_ （ A） unchanged exce
28、pt among Black employees of railroad-related industries. （ B） reinforced by the actions of the Pullman Companys union （ C） mitigated by the efforts of Randolph （ D） weakened by the opening up of many unions to Black workers. （ E） largely alleviated because of the policies of the American Federation
29、of Labor. 8 In using the word “understandable” (line 14), the author most clearly conveys_ （ A） sympathy with attempts by the Brotherhood between 1925 and 1935 to establish an independent union. （ B） concern that the obstacles faced by Randolph between 1925 and 1935 were indeed formidable （ C） ambiv
30、alence about the significance of unions to most Black workers in the 1920s. （ D） appreciation of the attitude of many Black workers in the 1920s toward unions. （ E） regret at the historical attitude of unions toward Black workers. 9 The passage suggests which of the following about the response of p
31、orters to the Pullman Companys own union? （ A） Few porters ever joined this union. （ B） Some porters supported this union before 1935. （ C） Porters, more than other Pullman employees, enthusiastically supported this union. （ D） The porters response was most positive after 1935. （ E） The porters resp
32、onse was unaffected by the general skepticism of Black workers concerning unions. 10 The passage suggests that if the grievances of porters in one part of the United States had been different from those of porters in another part of the country, which of the following would have been the case? （ A）
33、It would have been more difficult for the Pullman Company to have had a single labor policy. （ B） It would have been more difficult for the Brotherhood to control its channels of communication. （ C） It would have been more difficult for the Brotherhood to uild its membership. （ D） It would have been
34、 easier for the Pullman Companys union to attract membership. （ E） It would have been easier for the Brotherhood to threaten strikes. 11 The passage suggests that in the 1920s a company in the United States was able to_ （ A） use its own funds to set up a union （ B） require its employees to join the
35、companys own union （ C） develop a single labor policy for all its employees with little employee dissent. （ D） pressure its employees to contribute money to maintain the companys own union （ E） use its resources to prevent the passage of federal legislation that would have facilitated the formation
36、of independent unions. 12 The passage supplies information concerning which of the following matters related to Randolph? （ A） The steps he took to initiate the founding of the Brotherhood （ B） His motivation for bringing the Brotherhood into the American Federation of Labor （ C） The influence he ha
37、d on the passage of legislation overturning race restrictions in 1944 （ D） The influence he had on the passage of legislation to bar companies from financing their own unions （ E） The success he and the Brotherhood had in influencing the policies of the other unions in the American Federation of Lab
38、or 13 Seeking a competitive advantage, some professional service firms(for example, firms providing advertising, accounting, or health care services) have considered offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction. Such (5) guarantees specify what clients can expect and what the firm will do if it
39、 fails to fulfill these expectations. Particularly with first-time clients, an unconditional guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if the client is very cautious, the firms fees are high, the (10) negative consequences of bad service are grave, or business is difficult to obtain through refer
40、rals and word-of-mouth. However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that fail- (15) ure is possible, the guarantee may, paradoxically, cause clients to doubt the service firms ability to deliver the promised level of service. It may conflict with
41、a firms desire to appear sophisticated, or may even suggest that a firm is begging for business. In legal and health care (20) services, it may mislead clients by suggesting that law- suits or medical procedures will have guaranteed out- comes. Indeed, professional service firms with outstandin repu
42、tations and performance to match have little to gain from offering unconditional guarantees. And any firm (25) that implements an unconditional guarantee without undertaking a commensurate commitment to quality of service is merely employing a potentially costly marketing gimmick. 13 The primary fun
43、ction of the passage as a whole is to_ （ A） account for the popularity of a practice （ B） evaluate the utility of a practice （ C） demonstrate how to institute a practice （ D） weigh the ethics of using a strategy （ E） explain the reasons for pursuing a strategy 14 All of the following are mentioned i
44、n the passage as circumstances in which professional service firms can benefit from offering an unconditional guarantee EXCEPT_ （ A） The firm is having difficulty retaining its clients of long standing. （ B） The firm is having difficulty getting business through client recommendations. （ C） The firm
45、 charges substantial fees for its services. （ D） The adverse effects of poor performance by the firm are significant for the client. （ E） The client is reluctant to incur risk. 15 Which of the following is cited in the passage as a goal of some professional service firms in offering unconditional gu
46、arantees of satisfaction? （ A） A limit on the firms liability （ B） Successful competition against other firms （ C） Ability to justify fee increases （ D） Attainment of an outstanding reputation in a field （ E） Improvement in the quality of the firms service 16 The passages description of the issue ra
47、ised by unconditional guarantees for health care or legal services most clearly implies that which of the following is true? （ A） The legal and medical professions have standards of practice that would be violated by attempts to fulfill such unconditional guarantees. （ B） The result of a lawsuit of
48、medical procedure cannot necessarily be determined in advance by the professionals handling a clients case. （ C） The dignity of the legal and medical professions is undermined by any attempts at marketing of professional services, including unconditional guarantees. （ D） Clients whose lawsuits or me
49、dical procedures have unsatisfactory outcomes cannot be adequately compensated by financial settlements alone. （ E） Predicting the monetary cost of legal or health care services is more difficult than predicting the monetary cost of other types of professional ervices. 17 Which of the following hypothetical situations best exemplifies the potential problem noted in the second sentence of the second paragraph (lines 14-17)? （ A） A physicians unconditional guarantee of satisfaction encourages patients to sue for malpractice if th
