1、GMAT（ VERBAL）阅读练习试卷 6及答案与解析 1 Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of womens emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the “relational” feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of “equality in (5) difference,” or equity as distinct for equality. They posit t
2、hat biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that womens pro- creative labor is currently undervalued by society, to (10) the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individual- ist feminist tradition emphasizes
3、 individual human rights and celebrates womens quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant (15) responsibilities. Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, ofte
4、n within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890 nd 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the (20) dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still pre- dominates among European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of
5、 individual rights was already well estab- lished in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, (25) individualist feminism came to predominate in English- speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcil- able. Individualist feminists b
6、egan to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal rights for all. Relational (30) feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be avail- able for all women, continued to emphasize womens special contributions to society as homemakers and
7、 mothers; they demanded special treatment (35) including protective legislation for women workers, state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensa- tion for housework. Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline womens physiological and psychological (40) distinctiveness,
8、 they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, deny- ing the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly (45) patriarchal, has often simply
9、treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individu- alist framework, with its claim for womens autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for con- (50) temporary feminist politics could emerge. 1 The aut
10、hor of the passage alludes to the well-established nature of the concept of individual rights inthe Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order to_ （ A） illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on more general intellectual trends in English history （ B） argue that feminism w
11、as already a part of the larger Anglo-Saxon intellectual tradition, even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of womens emancipation. （ C） explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists in non-English-speaking countries （ D） help account for an increasing shift toward indiv
12、idualist feminism among feminists in English-speaking countries. （ E） account for the philosophical differences between individualist and relational feminists in English-speaking countries 2 The passage suggests that the author of the passage believes which of the following? （ A） The predominance of
13、 individualist feminism in English-speaking countries is a historical phenomenon, the causes of which have not yet been investigated. （ B） The individualist and relational feminist views are irreconcilable, given their theoretical ifferences concerning the foundations of society. （ C） A consensus co
14、ncerning the direction of future feminist politics will probably soon emerge, given the awareness among feminists of the need for cooperation among women. （ D） Political adversaries of feminism often misuse arguments predicated on differences between the sexes to argue that the existing social syste
15、m should be maintained. （ E） Relational feminism provides the best theoretical framework for contemporary feminist politics, but individualist feminism could contribute much toward refining and strengthening modern feminist thought. 3 It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist femini
16、st tradition denies the validity of which of the following causal statements? （ A） A division of labor in a social group can result in increased efficiency with regard to the performance of group tasks. （ B） A division of labor in a social group causes inequities in the distribution of opportunities
17、 and benefits among group members. （ C） A division of labor on the basis of gender in a social group is necessitated by the existence of sex-linked biological differences between male and female members of the group. （ D） Culturally determined distinctions based on gender in a social group foster th
18、e existence of differing attitudes and opinions among group members. （ E） Educational programs aimed at reducing inequalities based on gender among members of a social group can result in a sense of greater well-being for all members of the group. 4 According to the passage, relational feminists and
19、 individualist feminists agree that_ （ A） individual human rights take precedence over most other social claims （ B） the gender-based division of labor in society should be eliminated （ C） laws guaranteeing equal treatment for all citizens regardless of gender should be passed （ D） a greater degree
20、of social awareness concerning the importance of motherhood would be beneficial to society （ E） the same educational and economic opportunities should be available to both sexes 5 According to the author, which of the following was true of feminist thought in Western societies before 1890? （ A） Indi
21、vidualist feminist arguments were not found in the thought or writing of non-English-speaking feminists. （ B） Individualist feminism was a strain in feminist thought, but another strain, relational feminism, predominated. （ C） Relational and individualist approaches were equally prevalent in feminis
22、t thought and writing. （ D） The predominant view among feminists held that the welfare of women was ultimately less important than he welfare of children. （ E） The predominant view among feminists held that the exes should receive equal treatment under the law. 6 The author implies that which of the
23、 following was true of most feminist thinkers in England and the United States after 1920? （ A） They were less concerned with politics than with intellectual issues. （ B） They began to reach a broader audience and their programs began to be adopted by mainstream political parties. （ C） They called r
24、epeatedly for international cooperation mong womens groups to achieve their goals. （ D） They moderated their initial criticism of the conomic systems that characterized their societies. （ E） They did not attempt to unite the two different eminist approaches in their thought. 7 The new school of poli
25、tical history that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s sought to go beyond the traditional focus of political historians on leaders and government institutions by examining directly the political practices of ordinary citizens. Like the old approach, however, this new approach excluded women. The very te
26、chniques these historians used to uncover mass political behavior in the nineteenth-century United State quantitative analyses of election returns, for example were useless in analyzing the political activities of women, who were denied the vote until 1920. By redefining “political activity,” histor
27、ian Paula Baker has developed a political history that includes women. She concludes that among ordinary citizens, political activism by women in the nineteenth century prefigured trends in twentieth-century politics. Defining “politics” as “any action taken to affect the course of behavior of gover
28、nment or of the community,” Baker concludes that, while voting and holding office were restricted to men, women in the nineteenth century organized themselves into societies committed to social issues such as temperance and poverty. In other words, Baker contends, women activists were early practiti
29、oners of nonpartisan, issue-oriented politics and thus were more interested in enlisting lawmakers, regardless of their party affiliation, on behalf of certain issues than in ensuring that one party or another won an election. In the twentieth century, more men drew closer to womens ideas about poli
30、tics and took up modes of issue-oriented politics that Baker sees women as having pioneered. 7 The primary purpose of the passage is to_ （ A） enumerate reason why both traditional scholarly methods and newer scholarly methods have limitations （ B） identify a shortcoming in a scholarly approach and d
31、escribe an alternative approach （ C） provide empirical data to support a long-held scholarly assumption （ D） compare two sholarly publications on the basis of their authors backgrounds （ E） attempt to provide a partial answer to a lon-standing scholarly dilemma 8 The passage suggests which of the fo
32、llowing concerning the techniques used by the new political historians described in the first paragraph of the passage? （ A） They involved the extensive use of the biographies of political party leaders and political theoreticians. （ B） They were conceived by political historians who were reacting a
33、gainst the political climates of the 1960s and 1970s （ C） They were of more use in analyzing the positions of United States political parties in the nineteenth century than in analyzing the positions of those in the twentieth century. （ D） They were of more use in naalyzing the policial behavior of
34、nineteenth-century voters than in nalyzing the political activities of those who could not vote during that period. （ E） They were devised as a means of tracing the influence of nineteenth-century political trends on twentieth-century political trends. 9 It ban be inferred that the author of the pas
35、sage quotes Baker directly in the second paragraph primarily in order to_ （ A） clarify a position before providing an alternative ot that position （ B） differentiate between a novel definition and traditional definitions （ C） provide an example of a point agreed on by different generations of schola
36、rs （ D） provide an example of the prose style of an important historian （ E） amplify a definition given in the first pargraph 10 According to the passage, Paula Baker and the new political historians of the 1960s and 1970s shared which of the following? （ A） A commitment to interest-group politics （
37、 B） A idsregard for politica ltheory and ideology （ C） An interest in the ways in which nineteenth-century politics prefigured contemporary politics （ D） A reliance on such quatitiative techniques as the analysis of election returns （ E） An emplasis on the political involvement of ordinary citizens
38、11 Which of the following best describes the structure of the first paragraph of the passage? （ A） Two scholarly approaches are compared, and a shortcoming common to both is identified. （ B） Two rival schools of thought are contrasted, and a third is allued to. （ C） An outmoded scholarly approach is
39、 described, and a corrective approach is called for. （ D） An argument is outlined, and counterargumnts are mentioned. （ E） A historical era is described in terms of its political trends. 12 The information in the passage suggests that a pre1960s political historian would have been most likely to und
40、ertake which of the following studies? （ A） An analysis of voting trends among women voters of the 1920s （ B） A study of male voters gradual ideological shift from party politics to issue-oriented politics （ C） A biography of an influential nineteenth-century minister of foreign affairs （ D） An anal
41、ysis of narratives written by previously unrecognized women activitists （ E） A study of voting trends among naturalized immigrant laborers in a nineteenth-century logging camp 13 New observations about the age of some globular clusters in our Milky Way galaxy have cast doubt on a long-held theory ab
42、out how the galaxy was formed. The Milky Way contains about 125 globular clusters (compact groups of anywhere from several tens of thousands to perhaps a million stars) distributed in a roughly spherical halo around the galactic nucleus. The stars in these clusters are believed to have been born dur
43、ing the formation of the galaxy, and so may be considered relics of the original galactic nebula, holding vital clues to the way of the formation took place. The conventional theory of the formation of the galaxy contends that roughly 12 to 13 billion years ago the Milky Way formed over a relatively
44、 short time (about 200 million years) when a spherical cloud of gas collapsed under the pressure of its own gravity into a disc surrounded by a halo. Such a rapid formation of the galaxy would mean that all stars in the halo should be very nearly the same age. However, the astronomer Michael Bolte h
45、as found considerable variation in the ages of globular clusters. One of the clusters studied by Bolte is 2 billions years older than most other clusters in the galaxy, while another is 2 billion years younger. A colleague of Bolte contends that the cluster called Palomar 12 is 5 billion years young
46、er than most other globular clusters. To explain the age differences among the globular clusters, astronomers are taking a second look at “renegade” theories. One such newly fashionable theory, first put forward by Richard Larson in the early 1970s, argues that the halo of the Milky Way formed over
47、a period of a billion or more years as hundreds of small gas clouds drifted about, collided, lost orbital energy, and finally collapsed into a centrally condensed elliptical system. Larsons conception of a “lumpy and turbulent” protogalaxy is complemented by computer modeling done in the 1970s by ma
48、thematician Alan Toomre, which suggests that closely interacting spiral galaxies could lose enough orbital energy to merge into a single galaxy. 13 The passage is primarily concerned with discussing_ （ A） the importance of determining the age of globular clusters in assessing when the Milky Way gala
49、xy was formed （ B） recent changes in the procedure used by astronomers to study the formation of the Milky Way galaxy （ C） current disputes among astronomers regarding the size and form of the Milky Way galaxy （ D） the effect of new discoveries regarding globular clusters on theories about the formation of the Milky Way galaxy （ E） the origin, nature, and significance of groups of stars known as globular clusters 14 According to the passage, one way in which Larsons theory and the conventional theory of the formation of the Milky Way galaxy
