1、GRE（ VERBAL）模拟试卷 16及答案与解析 SECTION 1 Directions: Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five lettered or sets of words. Choose the word or set of words for each blank that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a wh
2、ole. 1 There are many dialects of Chinese with radically different pronunciations of the same character, but written Chinese is_. （ A） unstable （ B） uniform （ C） abbreviated （ D） deliberated （ E） graphic 2 In “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock“, Elliot_the loss of_, sobbing in existentialist despa
3、ir, and lamenting passive indecision and inaction. （ A） reinvents purity （ B） mourns chance （ C） notates vivacity （ D） explores wisdom （ E） considers g rief 3 The shah of Persia, although he had to acknowledge that the sultan was a worthy rival, still considered himself a mighty_, as did the sultan
4、himself. （ A） upstart （ B） potentate （ C） reactionary （ D） autodidact （ E） redoubt 4 For him conversation was a matter of displaying all his rhetorical mastery, and in particular an opportunity to spout witty_that evidenced his specialized knowledge of insult. （ A） serendipity （ B） invective （ C） ap
5、probation （ D） disquisition （ E） digressions 5 The so-called Golden Rule is such an obvious, commonsensical truism that it seems almost foolish to_it. （ A） legislate （ B） amend （ C） limn （ D） annotate （ E） enunciate 6 While Einsteins early_are well-established, it cannot be concluded that he was any
6、 less_as a young physicist than the gifted and obsessive theoretician he became later in life. （ A） failures erudite （ B） accolades curmudgeonly （ C） foibles mannerly （ D） triumphs brilliant （ E） investigations passionate 7 Jokes form a kind of currency, such that a wisecrack from the most_beggar ma
7、y bring instant_. （ A） mirthless interest （ B） jocular disregard （ C） convivial humor （ D） importunate reward （ E） hilarious succor SECTION 2 Directions: In each of the following questions, a related pair of words or phrases is followed by five lettered pairs of words or phrases. Select the lettered
8、 pair that best expresses a relationship similar to that expressed in the original pair. 8 DESSICATE: LIQUID : （ A） imprison: freedom （ B） plunder : valuables （ C） suffocate : oxygen （ D） refrain : repetition （ E） prohibit: development 9 PRESIDENT: COUNTRY : （ A） choreographer : dance （ B） speaker :
9、 parliament （ C） actress : performance （ D） instrumentalist: melody （ E） poetess : thesaurus 10 RUBBER: TIRE : （ A） skin : hair （ B） silver : cutlery （ C） window : pane （ D） erosion : iron （ E） piece : paper 11 MISCONSTRUE : INTERPRET : （ A） dislike : attach （ B） misrepresent : clarify （ C） miscalcu
10、late : reckon （ D） misapprehend: donate （ E） misbehave : recite 12 MODICUM : IOTA: （ A） abundance : magnitude （ B） gallon : kilogram （ C） tress: braid （ D） thatch : blade （ E） lock: hair 13 PERTURB: SERENITY : （ A） denounce : rant （ B） interdict : protection （ C） purify : imperfection （ D） vex : irr
11、itation （ E） fondle : attachment 14 ANESTHETIC : INSENSIBILITY: （ A） analgesic : ache （ B） coagulant: solution （ C） soporific : lethargy （ D） placation: rage （ E） opiate : listlessness 15 MERITOCRACY : ACHIEVEMENT : （ A） plutocracy : wealth （ B） elitism : expertise （ C） theocracy : wisdom （ D） burea
12、ucracy : authority （ E） gerontocracy : superiority 16 CIRCUMSPECT : PRUDENCE: （ A） cautious : hastiness （ B） urbane : impropriety （ C） cursory : superficiality （ D） circuitous: convergence （ E） reckless: impassivity SECTION 3 Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on i
13、ts content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. 16 Researchers have noted that ants arrange their dead using the same principles thought to produce the markings on animal
14、skin and on tropical sea shells, a first clear example of so-called Turing patterns in higher organisms. Line Turing argued that activation occurs through a feedback process that amplifies (5) small variations in the concentration of one of the ingredients, while inhibition causes a concentration of
15、 activity to suppress the appearance of similar concentrations nearby. Ant graveyards are an example of a self-amplifying activation process: ants are more likely to drop a corpse on a pile than elsewhere, and because collecting bodies and adding them to a pile sweeps the (10) surrounding space clea
16、r, new cemeteries are inhibited from appearing in the vicinity of existing ones. While activator-inhibitor mechanisms have previously been proposed to explain how predators and prey distribute themselves across an ecosystem, it is the first time such a system has conclusively proven that Turings pro
17、cess operates at the level of colonies and ecosystems. 17 The main idea of the passage is that （ A） explanations of the process by which higher organisms explain themselves have remained elusive until now （ B） self-amplifying activation processes may one day explain most natural processes （ C） scien
18、tists have discovered the first proof of Turing patterns to higher organism communities （ D） explanations of how organisms organize themselves into patterns are no longer so elusive as they once were （ E） activation processes are essential to the survival of many ant species 18 It can be inferred fr
19、om the passage that which of the following might be an example of an inhibitor mechanism already proven to operate in nature? （ A） Preying mantis females cannibalize their mates, limiting population growth of their species. （ B） Beetles tend to collect in large groups, causing internecine battles be
20、tween colonies. （ C） Sea turtles tend to avoid laying their eggs very close to one another, causing their progeny to distribute evenly throughout the ocean. （ D） Birds which settle upon the peak of a mountain naturally tend to build nests together to achieve safety in numbers. （ E） Oysters tend to d
21、evelop only to a certain size, due to the limiting effects of bacteria growth within their shells. 19 The author considers the example of the creation of ant cemeteries to be novel for which of the following reasons? （ A） Ant cemeteries exhibit elements of activation but not inhibition, a propositio
22、n formerly questioned by Turings theory. （ B） Ant cemeteries exhibit Turing patterns in the absence of the predator-prey system. （ C） Ant cemeteries involve self-amplification activation, as opposed to amplification from outside sources. （ D） Ants are considered a higher organism, in which Turing pa
23、tterns have never previously been established. （ E） Turings theory has only explained the distribution of ants across the ecosystem, until now. 20 Of the following descriptions of natural processes, which suggest that the organisms involved depend on the activator-inhibitor mechanism described throu
24、gh Turings mathematics? . Pigeons are scattered by a random storm as they make a migration, causing their populations to live in seasonal isolation. . Butterfly populations tend to grow unchecked in certain ecosystems, having few natural enemies. . Lack of food tends to drive many arctic rabbit from
25、 the burrows, exposing them to their predators and thereby reducing their population. （ A） only （ B） only （ C） and only （ D） and only （ E） , , and 20 Most words are “lexical words“, i.e. nouns signifying “things“, the majority of which are abstract concepts rather than physical objects in the world;
26、 only “proper nouns“ have specific and unique referents in the everyday Line world. The communicative function of a fully-functioning language requires the (5) scope of reference beyond the particularity of the individual instance. While each leaf, cloud or smile is different from all others, effect
27、ive communication requires general categories or “universals“. Anyone who has attempted to communicate with people who do not share their language will be familiar with the limitations of simply pointing to things, given that the vast majority of (10) lexical words in a language exist on a high leve
28、l of abstraction and refer to classes of things such as “buildings“ or to concepts like “construction“. We lose any one-to-one correspondence of word and thing the moment we group instances into classes. Other than lexical words, language consists of “function words“ or grammatical words, such as “o
29、nly“ and “under“ which do (15) not refer to objects in the world at all, and many more kinds of signs other than simple nouns. The notion of words as labels for concepts assumes that ideas exist independently of words and that ideas are established in advance before the introduction of linguistic st
30、ructure. Clearly, language is not limited to naming things existing in the physical world, but includes non-existent objects and ideas (20) well. The nomenclaturist stance, in viewing words as labels for pre-existing ideas and objects, attempts unsuccessfully to reduce language to the purely referen
31、tial function of naming things. Things do not exist independently of the sign systems which we use; “reality“ is created by the media which seem simply (25) to represent it. Language does not simply name pre-existing categories; categories do not exist in “the world“ .e.g. “where are the boundaries
32、of a cloud; when does a smile begin“. Such an emphasis on reality as invariably perceptually seamless may be an exaggeration; our referential categories do seem to bear some relationship to certain features which seem to be inherently (30) salient. Within a language, many words may refer to “the sam
33、e thing“ but reflect different evaluations of it. For example, “one persons hovel is another persons home“ Meanwhile, the signified of a word is subject to historical change. In this sense, “reality“ or “the world“ is created by the language we use: this (35) argument insists on the primacy of the s
34、ignifier. Even if we do not adopt the radical stance that “the real world“ is a product of our sign systems, we must still acknowledge the lack of signifiers for many things in the empirical world and that there is no parallel correlation between most words and objects in the known world at all. Thu
35、s, all words are “abstractions“, and there is no direct (40) correspondence between words and “things“ in the world. 21 The author of the passage is primarily concerned with （ A） refuting a belief held by one school of linguistics （ B） reviewing an interesting feature of language （ C） illustrating t
36、he confusion that can result from the improper use of language （ D） suggesting a way in which languages can be made more nearly perfect （ E） surveying new interesting areas of research in the field of linguistics 22 The author offers all of the following ideas as proof that there is no direct corres
37、pondence between words and things EXCEPT （ A） Language has other functions than that of reference. （ B） Once a word is grouped into a class, no one-to-one correspondence exists between it and what it signifies. （ C） Many words refer to objects that do not exist in the world. （ D） Function words do n
38、ot refer to objects. （ E） Proper nouns usually refer to unique entities. 23 According to the passage, which of the following assumptions would the “nomenclaturist“ most likely agree with? （ A） The seamlessness of reality complicates the notion of linguistic categories, such that those categories mus
39、t be questioned. （ B） The experience of reality largely varies from that of the experience of language, weakening the reliability of both experiences. （ C） Ideas invariably precede, in their existence and meaning, the language that subsequently articulates them. （ D） Language, although capable of de
40、veloping categories, can never articulate more than particular instances. （ E） The meaning of a word is not fixed historically, and may evolve over time due to a variety of factors. 24 It can be inferred from the passage that the author is LEAST likely to agree with which of the following? （ A） Word
41、s can be categorized into different grammatical functions. （ B） Some relationship between signifier and signified can be articulated. （ C） Every signifier points to a single pre-existing signified. （ D） Words may name imaginary, non-physical things. （ E） The use of categories is essential to the ope
42、ration of language. 25 It can be inferred from the passage that the term “reductionist“ would most likely apply to which of the following views concerning language? （ A） A number of words exist with identical meanings. （ B） .Several words with different connotations may refer to the same object. （ C
43、） A word used two centuries ago might refer to the same object today. （ D） Reality is constructed, not discovered, by the medium of language. （ E） A word may refer to non-existent objects, categories, and carry multiple connotations. 26 According to the passage, the word “violation“ would best be cl
44、assified as a （ A） Function word （ B） Lexical word （ C） Concept word （ D） Category word （ E） Grammatical word 27 Which of the following best describes the authors statement that “an emphasis on reality as invariably perceptually seamless may be an exaggeration“ (lines 27-28)? （ A） An assumption base
45、d on evidence already presented （ B） A concession to the view opposing that of the authors （ C） A hypothesis concerning a possible problem with the nomenclaturist view （ D） An allusion to an argument presented earlier in the passage （ E） An example of the application of the authors view of language
46、SECTION 4 Directions: Each question below consists of a word printed in capital letters followed by five lettered words or phrases. Choose the lettered word or phrase that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the word in capital letters. Since some of the questions require you to distinguish fine s
47、hades of meaning, be sure to consider all the choices before deciding which one is best. 28 DIABOLIC: （ A） amicable （ B） redolent （ C） mischievous （ D） lavish （ E） somber 29 CONTAMINATE: （ A） revive （ B） adore （ C） filter （ D） improve （ E） cleanse 30 REPUTE: （ A） indifference （ B） miserliness （ C） n
48、onentity （ D） recklessness （ E） ignorance 31 PREEN: （ A） confine （ B） oppose （ C） ruffle （ D） cover （ E） annoy 32 BALEFUL: （ A） animated （ B） unchallenging （ C） beneficent （ D） inciting （ E） articulate 33 VERDANT: （ A） intelligible （ B） sere （ C） serene （ D） frostbound （ E） portentous 34 FLEDGE: （ A
49、） reproduce （ B） release （ C） identify （ D） molt （ E） look for 35 DIATRIBE: （ A） epistle （ B） type （ C） circumlocution （ D） axiom （ E） encomium 36 POROUS: （ A） impervious （ B） pitiless （ C） imaginary （ D） obstinate （ E） prohibited 37 AFFILIATION: （ A） tendency （ B） misconduct （ C） affinity （ D） dissociation （ E） difference 38 INADVERTENCE: （ A） complete loyalty （ B） attentiveness （ C） group movement （ D） disagreeable characteristic （ E） powerful mind S
