1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 112及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.
2、 When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 The History of American Indians When Europeans discovered the western hemisphere, they discovered a race
3、of people that Columbus called Indians. There are some aspects about the American Indians: origin and【 1】 _, 【 1】 _ 1) Where did the Indians come from? 2) How did they get to America? 3) When did they come? According to most scholars, the homeland of the Indians was Eastern Asia and they migrated to
4、 North America along【 2】 _ from Siberia to Alaska. 【 2】 _ their number, distribution and condition today. 1) In all of New England, where【 3】 _ began their settlement in 1620, 【 3】_ there were then probably fewer than 20,000 Indians. 2) The Indians were a【 4】 _people. 【 4】 _ the consequences for the
5、m of European settlement in the New World, Consequences: 1) Guns revolutionized their hunting and【 5】 _. 【 5】 _ 2) Whiskey corrupted them. Christianity changed【 6】 _ of some 【 6】_ Indians and brought【 7】 _ within tribes. 【 7】 _ 3) The introduction of the horse by the Spanish changed the way of life
6、of Indian【 8】 _. 【 8】 _ the part they have played in the history of the United States, 1) The Indians made many【 9】 _ to prevent the advance of the frontier.【 9】_ 2) During the American Revolution many Indians sided with the British and caused much trouble for Americans on【 10】 _ 【 10】 _ 1 【 1】 2 【
7、2】 3 【 3】 4 【 4】 5 【 5】 6 【 6】 7 【 7】 8 【 8】 9 【 9】 10 【 10】 SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 se
8、conds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 11 Who are the speakers? （ A） Salesmen. （ B） Editors. （ C） Cooks. （ D） Advertising agents. 12 What product are they talking about? （ A） Kitchen. （ B） Deep-freezer. （ C） Mobility units. （ D） Cake mixer. 13 What is the
9、relationship between the two speakers? （ A） Employer and employee. （ B） Salesman and customer. （ C） Advertiser and customer. （ D） Colleagues. 14 How is the kitchen different from all other kitchens on the market? （ A） It is easier to clean and repair. （ B） It is non-fixed and flexible. （ C） All its
10、units are of the same height. （ D） Its chopping board is nearer to the sink. 15 What can you infer from the conversation? （ A） Terry knows less about kitchen than Joyce. （ B） Joyce knows more about kitchen than Joyce. （ C） Terry knows as much about the kitchen as Joyce. （ D） Terry knows as much abou
11、t the kitchen as Joyce. SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. 16 Around how many tons of hazardous waste
12、does the world produce each year? （ A） 150 million. （ B） 1.50 million. （ C） 15 million. （ D） 50 million. 17 Now the U.S. economy growth rate is _. （ A） higher than 1995 to 2000 （ B） lower than 1973 to 1995 （ C） as good as 1995 to 2000 （ D） the same as 1993 to 1995 18 Dale Jorgenson points out that t
13、he 2.78 grow rate will be continued in the next _. （ A） 2 years （ B） 10years （ C） 20 years （ D） 5 years 19 What is the reason of the decline of the number of the wild horses? （ A） Climate change and human activities. （ B） The hunting and culling. （ C） Fanning and industrializing. （ D） Mass killing c
14、aused by people. 20 Whom does the provision intend to sell the wild horses for? （ A） Federal government. （ B） The horse-lovers. （ C） The people who kill the wild horse. （ D） The native people. 20 Thomas Jefferson, who died in 1826, looms ever larger as a figure of special significance. Americans, of
15、 course, are familiar with Jefferson as an early statesman, author of the Declaration of Independence, and a high-ranking presidential Founding Father. But there is another Jefferson less well known. This is the Jefferson who, as the outstanding American philosopher of democracy, has an increasing a
16、ppeal to the world s newly emerging peoples. There is no other man in history who formulated the ideas of democracy with such fullness, persuasive ness, and logic. Those interested in democracy as a poetical philosophy and system-even those who do not accept his postulates or are critical of his sol
17、utions-must reckon with his thought. What, then, is his thought, and how much of it is still relevant under modem conditions? Of all the ideas and beliefs that make up the political philosophy known as Jefferson democracy, perhaps three are paramount. These are the idea of equality, the idea of free
18、dom, and the idea of the people s control over government. Underlying the whole, and serving as a major premise, is confidence in man. To Jefferson, it was virtually axiomatic that the human being was essentially good, that he was capable of constant improvement through education and reason. He beli
19、eved that “no definite limit could be assigned“ to man s continued progress from ignorance and superstition to enlightenment and happiness. Unless this kept in mind, Jefferson cannot be understood properly. What did he mean by the concept of equality, which he stated as a “self-evident“ troth? Obvio
20、usly, he was not foolish enough to believe that all men are equal in size or intelligence or talents or moral development. He never said that men are equal, but only that they come into the world with “equal rights“. He believed that equality was a political rather than a biological or psychological
21、 or economic conception. It was a gift that man acquired automatically by coming into the world as a member of the human community. Intertwined with equality was the concept of freedom, also viewed by Jefferson as a “natural right.“ In the Declaration of Independence he stated it as “self-evident“ t
22、hat liberty was one of the “inherent“ and “unalienable rights“ with which the Creator endowed man. “Freedom“, he summed up at one time, “is the gift of Nature.“ What did Jefferson mean by freedom and why was it necessary for him to claim it as an “inherent“ or “natural“ right? In Jefferson thought t
23、here are two main elements in the idea of freedom. There is, first, man s liberty to organize his own political institutions and to select periodically the individuals to run them. The other freedom is personal. Foremost in the area of individual liberty, Jefferson believed, was the untrammeled righ
24、t to say, think, write, and believe whatever the citizen wishes - provided, of course, he does not directly injure his neighbors. It is because political and personal freedom are potentially in conflict that Jefferson, in order to make both secure, felt the need to found them on “natural fight“. If
25、each liberty derives from an “inherent“ right, then neither could justly undermine the other. Experience of the past, when governments, were neither too strong for the ruled or too weak to rule them, convinced Jefferson of the desirability of establishing a delicate natural balance between political
26、 power and personal rights. This brings us to the third basic element in the Jeffersonian idea: the people s control over government. It is paradoxical that Jefferson, who spent most of his adult years in politics, had an ingrained distrust of government as such. For the then-existing governments of
27、 Europe, virtually all of them hereditary monarchies, he had antipathy mixed with contempt. His mistrust of strong and unchecked government was inveterate. “I am not,“ he said, “a friend to a very energetic government. It is always oppressive.“ Government being a necessity for civilized existence; t
28、he question was how it could be prevented from following its tendency to swallow the rights of the people. Jefferson s answer to this ancient dilemma was at variance with much traditional thinking. He began with the postulate that government existed for the people, and not vice versa; that it had no
29、 independent being except as an instrument of the people; and that it had no legitimate justifications for existence except to serve the people. From this it followed, in Jefferson s view that only the people, and not their rulers or the privileged classes, could and should be relied upon as the “sa
30、fe depositories“ of political liberty. This key idea in the Jeffersonian political universe rested on the monumental assumption that the people at large had the wisdom, the capability, and the knowledge exclusively to carry the burden of political power and responsibility. The assumption was, of cou
31、rse, widely challenged and vigorously denied in Jefferson s day, but he always asserted his confidence init. Confidence in the people, however, was not enough, by itself, to serve as a safeguard against the potential dangers inherent in political power. The people might become corrupted or demoraliz
32、ed or indifferent. Jefferson believed that the best practice for the avoidance of tyranny and the preservation of freedom was to follow two main policies. One was designed to limit power, and the other to control power. In order to put limits on power, Jefferson felt, it was best to divide it by sca
33、ttering its functions among as many entities as possible - among states, countries, and municipalities. In order to keep it in check, it was to be impartially balanced among legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Thus, no group, agency, or entity would be able legitimately to acquire power f
34、or abuse. This is, of course, the theory that is embedded in the Constitution and that underlies the American federal system with its “check and balance“. For the control of power or, more specifically, the governmental apparatus itself, other devices had to be brought into play. Of these, two are o
35、f special importance: suffrage and elections. Unlike many contemporaries, Jefferson believed in virtually universal suffrage. His opinion was that the universal right to vote was the only “rational and peaceable instrument“ of free government. Next to the right to vote, the system of free elections
36、was the foremost instrument for control over government. This involved, first, the election by the people of practically all high government officials, and, secondly, fixed and regular periods of polling, established by law. To make doubly sure that this mechanism would work as an effective control
37、over power, Jefferson advocated frequent elections and short terms of office, so that the citizens would be enabled to express their “approbation or rejection“ as soon as possible. This, in substance, is the Jeffersonian philosophy-faith in the idea of equality, of freedom, and in the right to and n
38、eed for popular control over government. What, in all this, is relevant to peoples without a democratic tradition, especially those who have recently emerged in Asia and Africa? The rejection of democratic procedures by some of these peoples has been disheartening to believers in freedom and democra
39、cy. But it is noteworthy that democratic and parliamentary government has been displaced in areas where the people had no background in freedom or self-rule, and where illiteracy is generally high. Even there it is significant that the new dictatorships are usually proclaimed in the name of the peop
40、le. The Jeffersonian assumption that men crave equality and freedom has not been denied by events. Special conditions and traditions may explain non-democratic political methods for the achievement of certain purposes, but these remain unstable wherever the notion of liberty has begun to gain ground
41、. “The disease of liberty“, Jefferson said, “is catching.“ The proof of this is to be found even in such societies as the Spanish and the Islamic, with their ancient traditions of chieftainships where popular eruptions against dictatorial rule have had an almost tidal constancy. But it is a slow pro
42、cess, as Jefferson well knew, “The ground of liberty“, he said, “is to be gained by inches; we must be contented to secure what we can get, from time to time, and eternally press forward for what is yet to get. It takes time to persuade men to do even what is for their own good.“ Does Jefferson surv
43、ive? Indeed he does. 21 What are the three most paramount ideas in Jeffersonian democracy? （ A） Equality, freedom and people s control over government. （ B） Equality, confidence in man and people s control over government. （ C） Equality, freedom and confidence in man. （ D） Freedom, confidence in man
44、 and people s control over government. 22 How did Jefferson interpret the concept of equality? （ A） He asserted that it was a political concepts as well as a biological and economic concept. （ B） He believed that men were born with equal rights. （ C） Equality is a gift of Nature. （ D） Both B and C 2
45、3 In Jefferson s opinion, what could prevent tyranny and preserve freedom? （ A） Suffrage and election. （ B） Checks and balances. （ C） The two politics to limit power and to control power. （ D） The dividing of functions among many entities. 24 Which of the following statements would the writer probab
46、ly Not support? （ A） The rejection of democratic procedures is partly attributed to ignorance. （ B） Jefferson s ideas of democracy are often distorted by some people on purpose. （ C） Universal suffrage is the cardinal instrument for control over government. （ D） Once the concept of liberty is accept
47、ed by the majority, a democratic society will be strongly demanded 25 The primary purpose of this text is to _. （ A） explain Jefferson s ideas of democracy （ B） exalt Jefferson as an outstanding philosopher （ C） illustrate Jefferson s influence on modem politics （ D） view Jeffersonian democracy unde
48、r modern conditions 25 The dream of lost innocence recovered in a golden future always haunts the imagination of colonial pioneers. Its premise is myopia: F. Scott Fitzgerald conjured % fresh, green breast of the new world“ for his Dutch sailors, a story that began without Indians. Golda Meir infamo
49、usly insisted that there was no such thing as Palestinians. Breaking new ground on a distant shore is easier if no one is there when you arrive. Plan B allows that the natives are happy to see the newcomers. But soon enough it all turns nasty and ends in tears. “A Strange Death,“ Hillel Halkin s beautifully written
