1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 188 及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture
2、. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 Tennis During the first 50 years of its history, tennis was largely a pastime of【 1】 _people. Its widesp
3、read popularity began【 1】 _ with the growth of【 2】 _This happened immediately 【 2】 _ after the major national championships became【 3】 _ 【 3】 _ events. They began to accept professionals as well as amateurs. Soon industrial firms began to【 4】 _tournaments and 【 4】 _ offer large cash prizes. The turn
4、ing point came in 1968, when the British, with the final permission of the International Lawn Tennis Federation, transformed their Wimbledon championships to an open event. In the same year, they went a step further by erasing the【 5】 _between amateurs and professionals. 【 5】 _ Women players demand
5、for【 6】 _prize money gained its 【 6】 _ first success in the United States Open in【 7】 _. With 【 7】 _ the introduction of【 8】 _rackets, equipment for playing【 8】 _ tennis needs not to be【 9】 _. Other reasons for tennis【 9】 _ rising popularity include greater media coverage and people% increasing inte
6、rest in physical【 10】 _ 【 10】 _ 1 【 1】 2 【 2】 3 【 3】 4 【 4】 5 【 5】 6 【 6】 7 【 7】 8 【 8】 9 【 9】 10 【 10】 SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the e
7、nd of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 11 If one does not work out regularly, he may _. （ A） easily catch a cold （ B） easily get tired （ C） easily get anxious （ D） feel depressed 12 Cardiovascular exercise helps _
8、. （ A） one to work more efficiently （ B） to promote a strong heart （ C） to lose weight （ D） one to sleep better 13 It seems that physical activities inevitably _, which improves fitness. （ A） burn calories （ B） build muscles （ C） relieve back pains （ D） reduce high blood pressure 14 Which of the fol
9、lowing may count as deliberate workout? （ A） Housework. （ B） Lawn-mowing. （ C） Table tennis. （ D） Out-of-the-gym activities. 15 The greatest benefit one can get from exercise is when _. （ A） the workout involve various jumps （ B） one does not use an elevator but climbs stairs （ C） one walks to run m
10、ost of the errands （ D） one switches from being inactive to active SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.
11、16 Which of the following is NOT included in the agreement to be signed between Russia and Iran? （ A） Russia will deliver nuclear fuel to Iran. （ B） Iran will ship waste nuclear rods back to Russia. （ C） The two countries will build a road for the shipment of nuclear fuel. （ D） Russia will be respon
12、sible for the storage of the waste nuclear rods. 17 The United States is concerned about _. （ A） the possibility that the nuclear material might be used to produce weapons （ B） the safety of nuclear power stations （ C） the pollution of the nuclear waste （ D） Irans ability to process the nuclear wast
13、e 18 Which of the following Country/countries drafted the proposal for changes to a draft UN resolution on Iraq? （ A） Russia, France, Germany and China. （ B） China. （ C） The U. S. and Britain. （ D） Iraq. 19 According to the proposal, the multinational force will leave Iraq _. （ A） when full sovereig
14、nty is restored to Iraq （ B） when the interim government takes power （ C） when the interim government asks them to leave （ D） as soon as possible 20 Which of the following statements about President Bushs trip to Europe is TRUE? （ A） He presided over the Group of Eight summit. （ B） He talked with Fr
15、ench President on rebuilding Iraq. （ C） He discussed with Russian leader on the issue of industrialization. （ D） He reached agreement with Italian Prime Minister to continue their effort in Iraq. 20 Governments Are Trying A 1990 United Nations survey revealed that the more highly developed countries
16、 spend an average of 2 to 3 percent of their annual budgets on crime control, while developing countries spend even more, an average of 9 to 14 percent. Increasing the size of the police force and providing it with better equipment takes priority in some localities. But results are mixed. Some Hunga
17、rian citizens complain: “There are never enough policemen to catch the criminals but always enough to catch traffic violators.“ Many governments have recently found it necessary to pass tougher crime laws. For example, since “kidnapping is on the rise across Latin America,“ says Time magazine, the g
18、overnments there have responded with .laws that are “at once vigorous and ineffectual“. “Passing laws is one thing,“ it admits, “applying them another.“ It is estimated that in Britain more than 100,000 neighborhood watch schemes, covering at least four million homes, existed in 1992. Similar progra
19、ms were implemented in Australia in the mid1980s. Their aim, says the Australian Institute of Criminology, is to reduce crime “by improving citizens awareness about public safety, by improving residents attitudes and behaviour in reporting Crime and suspicious events in the neighbourhood and by redu
20、cing vulnerability to crime with the help of property identification and installation of effective security devices.“ Closed-circuit television is used in some places to link police stations with commercial premises. Video cameras are used by police, banks, and stores as a crime deterrent or as a to
21、ol for identifying lawbreakers. In Nigeria the police have Checkpoints on highways in efforts to apprehend robbers and carjackers. The government has set up a task force on trade malpractices to combat fraud. Police-community relations committees made up of community leaders inform the police of cri
22、minal activity and people of questionable character. Visitors to the Philippines note that homes are generally not left unattended and that many people have watchdogs. Businessmen employ private security guards to protect their businesses. Anti-theft devices for cars sell well. People who can afford
23、 to do so withdraw to tightly secured subdivisions or condominiums. The London newspaper The Independent commented: “As confidence in the rule of law falls, citizens are organizing the defense of their own communities in increasing numbers.“ And more and more people are arming themselves. In the Uni
24、ted States, for example, it is estimated that every second household owns at least one gun. Governments are, constantly developing new methods of combating crime. But V. Vsevolodov, of the Academy of Home Affairs in Ukraine, points out that according to UN sources, so many gifted people are finding
25、“unique methods of carrying on criminal activity“ that “the training of law enforcement personnel“ cannot keep up. Clever criminals funnel huge sums of money back into businesses and social services, merging with society and “gaining for themselves high positions in society.“ 21 What is the main rea
26、son for citizens to take in hand the defense of themselves? （ A） There are not enough policemen. （ B） They do not trust the rule of law. （ C） The police force is inefficient. （ D） Security devices do not work. 22 A neighborhood watch scheme will probably do all of the following EXCEPT _. （ A） helpin
27、g to install anti-theft devices （ B） raising citizens consciousness of community safety （ C） helping citizens to claim a lost property （ D） encouraging citizens to report suspicious events 23 According to the author, the outlook for ending crime is _. （ A） rosy （ B） unclear （ C） hard to describe （ D
28、） bleak 24 Governments have taken all of the following measures EXCEPT _ to combat crime. （ A） increasing the size of the police force （ B） providing the police with better equipment （ C） passing more severe crime laws （ D） educating the public through TV programs 25 As can be inferred from the pass
29、age, _. （ A） it is urgent to pass laws for gun control in the U. S. （ B） people occupying high positions are more prone to crime （ C） many criminals are intelligent enough to escape punishment （ D） empty houses in the Philippines are often guarded by watch dogs 25 Public transit. In North America, p
30、ublic transportation has been the major casualty of the commitment to the automobile. Ridership on public transportation declined in the United States from 23 billion per year in the late 1940s to 7 billion in the early 1990s. At the end of World War I, U.S. cities had 50,000 kilometers of street ra
31、ilways and trolleys that carried 14 billion passengers a year, but only a few hundred kilometers of track remain. The number of U. S. and Canadian cities with trolley service declined from about fifty in 1950 to eight in the 1960s: Boston, Cleveland, New York, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh,
32、San Francisco, and Toronto. Buses offered a more flexible service than trolleys, because they were not restricted to operating only on fixed tracks. General Motors acquired many of the privately owned streetcar companies and replaced the trolleys with buses that the company made. But bus ridership h
33、as declined from a peak of 11 billion riders per year in the late 1940s to 5 million in the 1990s. Commuter railroad service, like trolleys and buses, has also been drastically reduced in most U.S. cities. The one exception to the downward trend in public transportation in the United States is the s
34、ubway, now known to transportation planners as fixed heavy rail. Cities such as Boston and Chicago have attracted new passengers through construction of new lines and modernization of existing service. Chicago has been a pioneer in the construction of heavy rail rapid transit lines in the median str
35、ip of expressways. Entirely new subway systems have been built in recent years in a number of U.S. cities, including Atlanta, Baltimore, Miami, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C. Public transportation is particularly suited to bringing a large number of people into a small area in a short period of
36、 time. Consequently, its use is increasingly confined in the United States to rush-hour commuting by workers in the central business district. A bus can accommodate thirty people in the amount of space occupied by one automobile, while a double-track rapid transit line can transport the same number
37、of people as sixteen lanes of urban freeway. Despite modest recent successes, most public transportation systems are caught in a vicious circle, because fares do not cover operating costs. As patronage declines and expenses rise, the fares are increased, which drives away passengers and leads to ser
38、vice reductions and still higher fares. Public expenditures to subsidize construction and operating costs have increased, but public officials in the United States do not consider that public transportation is a vital utility deserving subsidy to the degree long assumed by European governments. In c
39、ontrast, even in the relatively developed Western European countries and Japan, where automobile ownership rates are high, extensive networks of bus, tram, and subway lines have been maintained, and funds for new construction have been provided in recent years. Since the late 1960s, London has opene
40、d 27 kilometers of subways, including two new lines, plus 18 kilometers in light rail transit lines to serve the docklands area. During the same period, Paris has built 65 kilometers of new subway lines, including a new system, known as the Reseau Express Regional (R. E. R.) to serve outer suburbs.
41、Smaller cities have shared the construction boom. In France alone, new subway lines have been built since the 1970s in Lille, Lyon, and Marseille, and hundreds of kilometers of entirely new tracks have been laid between the countrys major cities to operate a high-speed train known as the TGV. 26 Whi
42、ch of the following is NOT true of the public transportation systems in the developed countries? （ A） Commuter railroad service, trolleys and buses have been reduced in the U. S. （ B） Subways have largely been maintained. （ C） Fares usually can not cover operating costs. （ D） U.S. officials think it
43、 worthwhile to subsidize public transportation. 27 Which of the following countries is the locality of the R. E.R. system? （ A） England. （ B） the United States. （ C） Germany. （ D） France. 28 The decline of bus ridership in the U.S. is caused by _. （ A） the rise of bus fares （ B） the increased number
44、 of private cars （ C） the improvement of the commuter railroad service （ D） the poor condition of the transportation infrastructure 28 There are two main methods of organizing governmentsthe unitary system and the federal system. The unitary state places most power in the hands of central government
45、 officials, whereas the federal state allocates strong power to units of local government within the country. A countrys cultural and physical characteristics influence the evolution of its governmental system. In principle, the unitary government system works best in countries that have both relati
46、vely few internal cultural differences and a strong sense of national unity. Therefore, states whose boundaries coincide closely with the boundaries of nations are more likely to consider a unitary system of government. In addition, because the unitary system requires effective communications with a
47、ll regions of the country, smaller states fire more likely to adopt it. If the country is very large or has isolated regions, strong national control is difficult. In reality, multinational states often have unitary systems so that the values of one nationality can be imposed on others. In a number
48、of African and Asian countries, for instance, the mechanism of a unitary state has enabled one ethnic group to extend dominance over weaker groups. In some cases, a minority group is able to impose its values on the majority of the population. When communist parties controlled the government of East
49、ern European countries, for example, the unitary systems enabled the imposition of uniform cultural values on otherwise multinational societies. In a federal state, local governments possess more authority to adopt their own laws. Multinational states usually adopt a federal system of government in order to give power to different nationalities, especially if they live in separate regio
