1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 222及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.
2、 When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 How to Present a Seminar Paper University students often attend many seminars for various subjects, there
3、fore it is useful for them to know how to present a seminar paper. .【 1】 Stage 【 1】 _. 1. research 2. write up【 2】 【 2】 _. . Presentation Stage-Present the Paper to【 3】 【 3】 _. 1. circulate copies of the paper【 4】 to all the participants 【 4】 _. 2. read aloud to the group 1) introduce your paper 2 r
4、easons: - the participants may have read the paper but forgotten some of 【 5】 【 5】 _. - some participants may not have time to read the paper 2) not simply read the【 6】 aloud 【 6】 _. 3 reasons: - if the paper is long, there may not be enough time【 7】【 7】 _. - there may be lack of comprehension or un
5、derstanding, when listening - it can be very【 8】 listening to something being read aloud【 8】 _. 3) follow the 7 points of introducing your paper - decide on【 9】 for your talk 【 9】 _. - write out your spoken presentation - concentrate on the main points - make your spoken presentation【 10】 【 10】 _. -
6、 reduce what your are going to say to outline notes - look at your audience while your are speaking - make a strong ending 1 【 1】 2 【 2】 3 【 3】 4 【 4】 5 【 5】 6 【 6】 7 【 7】 8 【 8】 9 【 9】 10 【 10】 SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and
7、then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 11 According to the news, most poor people cannot do all of the following EXCEPT _.
8、 （ A） growing enough food. （ B） feeding their families. （ C） buying enough necessities. （ D） feeding their fowl. 12 The reason for the 800 million people going to bed hungry is that _. （ A） there is no enough food for everyone. （ B） they have no access to grow or buy food. （ C） they are lazy and don
9、t want to grow food. （ D） they are used to receiving others aid. 13 Which of the following is NOT a task of WFP as a humanitarian relief organization? （ A） Communicate with donors. （ B） Assess the beneficiaries needs. （ C） Get food to the right people. （ D） Contact regional authorities. 14 According
10、 to Ms. Bertini, in the mission to end hunger, women play _. （ A） a decisive role. （ B） a minor role. （ C） an important role. （ D） no role at all. 15 The greatest challenge in delivering food to people who need it is to _. （ A） raise the resources and delivering food to poor people. （ B） convince pe
11、ople to contribute more food and money. （ C） help people improve their well-being over the long term. （ D） devote more energy to those who are still most at risk. SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions t
12、hat follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. 16 What caused the trade deficit? （ A） An increase in export of oil. （ B） An increase in import of oil and other goods. （ C） An increase in export of grain. （ D） An increase in import of grain. 17 Why wer
13、e people shocked at the figures? （ A） Because the deficit for the previous June was much higher. （ B） Because they had expected the figures would seem far better. （ C） Because the figures have been compiled under the old system. （ D） Both A and 18 The correspondent also said that （ A） it had somethi
14、ng to do with the pressure within the American Congress. （ B） it would curb the pressure within the American Congress for more protectionist legislation. （ C） it would influence the protectionist legislation designed to keep foreign goods out. （ D） it would not control the pressure within the Americ
15、an Congress for more protectionist legislation designed to keep foreign goods out. 19 Who was taken hostage in one of Brazils most dangerous jails? （ A） The prisoners relatives. （ B） The prisoners friends. （ C） The officials of the jail. （ D） The guards of the jail. 20 According to the news, the inc
16、ident happened mainly because of _. （ A） the maltreatment of the inmates. （ B） the poor living conditions. （ C） the transfer of a gang leader. （ D） the sentence of a murderer. 20 Science is a cumulative body of knowledge about the natural world, obtained by the application of a particular method pra
17、ctised by the scientist. The word science itself is derived from the Latin scire, which means to know, to have knowledge of or to experience. Technology is the fruit of applied science, it is the concrete expression of research done in the laboratory and applied to manufacturing commodities to meet
18、human needs. The word scientist was introduced only in 1840 by William Whewell, Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Cambridge. In his Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, he wrote: “We need a name to describe a cultivator of science in general. I should be inclined to call him a scie
19、ntist.“ The “cultivators of science“ before 1840 were known as “natural philosophers“. The founders of the 300-year-old Royal Society were typical “natural philosophers“. They were curious, often eccentric persons who poked inquiring fingers at nature. In the process of doing so they stated a techni
20、que of inquiry we know today as the “scientific method“. Briefly, these are the steps in the method. First comes the thought that sparks off the inquiry. (For. example, in 1896, the physicist Henri Becquerel, in communications to the French Academy of Sciences, stated that he found that uranium salt
21、s emitted rays of unknown nature. His discovery excited Marie Curie. Along with her husband Pierre, she wanted to know more about this radiation. What was it exactly, and where did it come from?) Second comes the collecting of facts: the techniques of doing this will differ according to the problem
22、to be solved. However it is based on experiments in which one may use anything from a test tube to an earth satellite to gather essential data. (If you do not know the difficulties which the Curies encountered to gather their facts, as they investigated the mysterious uranium rays, I advise you to r
23、ead the remarkable story in the book Madame Curie by her daughter Eve. ) This leads to step three: organising the facts and studying the relationships that emerge. (These rays were different from anything known. How can this be explained? Did this radiation come from the atom itself? It might well b
24、e that other materials also emit radiation. Madame Curie investigated and found this was so. She invented the word radioactivity for this phenomenon. She followed this with further experimental work on only “active“ radioelements. ) Step four is the statement of a hypothesis or theory: that is, fram
25、ing a general truth that has emerged and that may be modified as new facts emerge. (In July 1898, the Curies announced the probable presence in pitchblende ores of a new element endowed with powerful radioactivity. This was the beginning of the discovery of radium. ) Then follows the clearer stateme
26、nt of the theory. (In December 1898, the Curies reported to the Academy of Sciences: “The various reasons we have enumerated lead us to believe that the new radioactive substance contains a new element to which we propose to give the name of Radium. The new radioactive substance certainly contains a
27、 very strong proportion of bariums in spite of that its radioactivity is considerable. The radioactivity of radium therefore must be enormous. “) And the final step is the practical test of the theory-the prediction of new facts. This is essential because from this flows the possibility of control b
28、y man of the forces of nature that are newly revealed. Note how Marie Curie used deductive reasoning in order to push on. “This kind of detective work is basic to the methodology of science. Further, she was concerned with probability and not certainty-in her investigations. Also, although the Curie
29、s were doing the basic research work at great expense to themselves in hard physical toil, they knew that they were part of an international group of people all concerned with their search for truth. Their reports were published and immediately examined by scientists all over the world. Any flaws in
30、 their argument, would be pointed out to them immediately. 21 It is implied rather than clearly stated in the first paragraph that_. （ A） science is concerned about the natural world （ B） technology is the result of applied science （ C） a scientist is a cultivator of science （ D） the scientific meth
31、od is indispensable in the pursuit of science 22 Which of the following is the most important in the steps in the scientific method? （ A） Collecting and organising the facts. （ B） Stating a hypothesis. （ C） Testing the hypothesis, （ D） Publishing the theory. 23 Which of the following questions might
32、 the Curies NOT ask in their investigations? （ A） What was radiation exactly? （ B） What materials might have radioactivity? （ C） How could man avoid powerful radioactivity? （ D） How strong is the radioactivity of radium? 24 What happened in scientific circles after the Curies had completed the final
33、 step? （ A） Scientists used deductive reasoning to test their investigations, （ B） Scientists were concerned with probability in their investigations. （ C） Scientists read their reports and examined their investigations. （ D） Scientists were critical of their investigations. 24 For hundreds of years
34、, farmers have selected and bred plants and animals to favour, or bring out, characteristics they desired For example, cows that produced large amounts of milk were selected for breeding, while poor milk producers were not allowed to reproduce. Similarly, horses were bred for speed and strength. Tho
35、se having these desired characteristics were selected for breeding. Over time, these preferred breeds became more common than earlier, less desired types. This selective breeding is called artificial selection. The theory of evolution by natural selection was put forward in a joint presentation of t
36、he views of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace before the Linnaean Society of London in 1858. Darwin and Wallace were not the first to suggest that evolution occurred, but their names are linked with the idea of evolution because they proposed the theory of natural selection as the mechanism
37、by Which evolution occurs. We are always more likely to believe in a process when people explain how it happens than if they merely assert that it does. The theory of evolution by means of natural selection is based on three observations. First, as we can see by comparing one cat or human being with
38、 another, the members of a species differ from one another; that is, there is variation among individuals of the same species. Second, some of the differences between individuals are inherited. (Other differences are not inherited, but are caused by different environments. For instance, two plants w
39、ith identical genes may grow to different sizes if one of them is planted in poor soil.) Third, more organisms are born than live to grow up and reproduce: many organisms die as embryos or seeds, as saplings, nestlings, or larvae. The logical conclusion from these three observations is that certain
40、genetic characteristics of an organism will increase its chances of living to grow up and reproduce over the chances of organisms with other characteristics. To take an extreme example, if you have inherited a severe genetic disease of the liver, you have a much lower chance of living to grow up and
41、 reproduce than someone born without this disease. Inherited characteristics that improve an organisms chances of living and reproducing will be more common in the next generation and those that decrease its chances of reproducing will be less common. Various genes or combinations of genes will be n
42、aturally selected from one generation to the next (that is, to cause evolution). It is not necessary that all genes affect survival and reproduction; the same result occurs if just some genes make an individual more likely to grow up and reproduce. To summarize: 1. Individuals in a population vary i
43、n each generation. 2. Some of these variations are genetic. 3. More individuals are produced than live to grow up and reproduce. 4. Individuals with some genes are more likely to survive and reproduce than those with other genes. Conclusion: From the above four premises it follows that those genetic
44、 traits that make their owners more likely to grow up and reproduce will become increasingly common in the population from one generation to the next. 25 The main difference between natural and artificial selection is that human beings_. （ A） control the direction of artificial selection （ B） contro
45、l the direction of natural selection （ C） make new genes in artificial selection （ D） make new genes in natural selection 26 Which of the following statements is NOT true? （ A） Members of a species differ from one another. （ B） All differences between individuals are inherited. （ C） Two organisms wi
46、th identical genes may grow to different sizes. （ D） Not all of the organisms can live to reproduce. 27 What would happen to inherited characteristics in the next generation in the process of natural selection? （ A） Inherited characteristics that decrease an organisms chances of living and reproduci
47、ng will be more common. （ B） Inherited characteristics that increase an organisms chances of living and reproducing will be less common. （ C） Inherited characteristics that increase an organisms chances of living and reproducing will remain the same. （ D） Inherited characteristics that decrease an o
48、rganisms chances of living and reproducing will be less common. 27 “Winners“ Winners have different potentials. Achievement is not the most important thing, authenticity is. The authentic person experiences the reality of himself by knowing himself, being himself, and becoming a credible, responsive
49、 person. He actualizes his own unprecedented uniqueness and appreciates the uniqueness of others. A winner is not afraid to do his own thinking and to use his own knowledge. He can separate facts from opinion and doesnt pretend to have all the answers. He listens to others, evaluates what they say, but comes to his own conclusions. While he can a
