1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 260及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.
2、 When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 Job stress has become a common and costly problem in the American workplace, leaving few workers untouche
3、d. . General introduction to job stress 1)definition: harmful physical and【 1】 _ responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources or needs of the worker. 2)difference between challenge and job stress Challenge【 2】 _ us psychologically and physically and
4、when a challenge is met, we feel relaxed and satisfied. In the case of job stress, the stage is set for illness, injury and job failure. 3)prevention strategies for job stress: individual and【 3】 _ factors 【 4】 _ between work and family or personal life a support network of friends and coworkers a r
5、elaxed and positive outlook . Influences of job stress 1)early signs mood and sleep disturbances upset stomach and headache 【 5】 _ with family and friends 2)【 6】 diseases cardiovascular disease musculoskeletal disorders psychological disorders 3)inadequate job performance like absenteeism which has【
6、 7】 _ on the bottom line . Measures to reduce job stress 1)stress management training, such as employee assistance programs to provide【 8】 _for employees with work and personal problems inexpensive easy to implement reducing rapidly stress symptoms like anxiety and sleep disturbances beneficial effe
7、cts on stress symptoms are【 9】 _, because of focus on worker rather than environment 2)organizational change, that is, to bring in a consultant to improve【 10】 _ identification of stressful aspects of work design of strategies to reduce or eliminate the identified stressors 3)the most useful approac
8、h: a combination of organizational change and stress management 1 【 1】 2 【 2】 3 【 3】 4 【 4】 5 【 5】 6 【 6】 7 【 7】 8 【 8】 9 【 9】 10 【 10】 SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are
9、 based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 11 What sort of children attend Mrs. Leechs school? （ A） Naughty and violent. （ B） Slow and retarded. （ C） Wicked but clever. （ D） Deserted bu
10、t aggressive. 12 From the organized fights, Mrs. Leech expects the children _. （ A） to learn to keep the rules （ B） to learn what it is like to lose （ C） to learn how to win or lose gracefully （ D） to learn how to win out of defeat 13 According to Mrs. Leech, an aggressive child usually does NOT _.
11、（ A） come from a large family （ B） want to be shouted at （ C） get enough attention （ D） like to sum other others up 14 What does Mrs. Leech say about the classes in her school? （ A） There are five or six groups in each class. （ B） There are 30 to 40 children in each class. （ C） There are five or six
12、 children in each class. （ D） There are 13 to 14 children in each class. 15 Schools like hers are important to society because _. （ A） each of the children gets individual attention here every day （ B） a lot of children can have a chance to make good here （ C） all the juvenile delinquents get punish
13、ed here （ D） children at the age of 16 can join the unit SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. 16 Accordi
14、ng to the news, who killed the villagers? （ A） Suspected Muslim militants. （ B） Suspected Algerian militants. （ C） Suspected Islamic civilians. （ D） Suspected Algerian civilians. 17 Who claimed responsibility for the attack? （ A） Nobody. （ B） Muslim militants. （ C） An Islamic organization. （ D） The
15、Algerian government. 18 What is the problem with Russias space station? （ A） It has lost its primary 6xygen sources. （ B） It has lost its backup oxygen sources. （ C） It has lost both the primary and the backup oxygen sources. （ D） It has last neither the primary or the backup oxygen sources. 19 What
16、 problems has the space station experienced in the past six months? （ A） Generator malfunction. （ B） Computer error. （ C） A collision with another station. （ D） All the above. 20 There are _ Russian(s) and _ American(s) on board. （ A） one, one （ B） one, two （ C） two, two （ D） two, one 20 American cu
17、lture is defined by rather gradual movements from one stage of socialization to the next. The lifelong socialization process involves many different social forces which influence our lives and alter our self-images. Family The family is the institution most closely associated with the process of soc
18、ialization. Obviously, one of its primary functions is the care and rearing of children. We experience socialization first as babies and infants living in families; it is here that we develop an initial sense of self. Most parents seek to help their children become competent adolescents and self-suf
19、ficient adults, which means socializing them into the norms and values of both the family and the larger society. The development of the self is a critical aspect of the early years of ones life. In the United States, such social development includes exposure to cultural assumptions regarding sex di
20、fferences. The term “gender roles“ refers to expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females. As the primary agents of childhood socialization, parents play a critical role in guiding children into those gender roles deemed appropriate in a society. Other a
21、dults, older siblings, the mass media, and religious and educational institutions also have noticeable impact on a childs socialization into feminine and masculine norms. Differential treatment of children by adults is an influential aspect of gender-role socialization. Let us consider a hypothetica
22、l example of differential treatment of children which begins in the family. Ron and Louise are twins who both show an unusual interest in science at an early age. For his birthdays, Ron is given chemistry sets, telescopes, microscopes, and the likes however, despite asking for similar gifts, Louise
23、is given miniature dollhouses, beautiful dresses, and dancing lessons. When the twins are in junior high school, teachers take note of Rons love for science. They encourage him to do special projects, to help with their laboratory work, and to join the science club. Louise is given no such encourage
24、ments in fact, one teacher considers her fascination with astronomy “strange“ for a girl. By the twins high school years, Ron is well known as a “science whiz“. The guidance counselor suggests that he attend a college with a strong science program in order to achieve his goal of becoming a biologist
25、. Louise has realized that she would like to become an astronomer, but the counselor and her parents pressure her into preparing for a career as an early childhood teacher a career which they see as more suitable for a woman. During their college years, Ron and Louise might develop self- images as “
26、scientist“ and “teacher“, respectively. On the other hand, Louise might get to college, switch her major, and become an astronomer despite everyones opposition. Neither of these young people is a passive actor who will inevitably follow the traditional gender roles of American society. Yet it can be
27、 extremely difficult to pursue a career, or any other type of life choice, if ones parents, teachers, and the society as a whole seem to be telling you that you are unmasculine or feminine for doing so. Without question, differential socialization has a powerful impact on the development of American
28、 females and males. Like other elements of culture, socialization patterns are not fixed. There has, for example, been a sustained challenge to traditional American gender-role socialization in the last 15 years, owing in good part to the efforts of the feminist movement. Nevertheless, despite such
29、changes, children growing up in the 1980s are hardly free of traditional gender roles. 21 According to the passage, socialization can be best described as a process in which one learns how to _. （ A） behave in a society （ B） make friends （ C） be a male or female （ D） treat people differentially 22 T
30、he hypothetical example of Ron and Louise is to illustrate _. （ A） the patents role in socialization （ B） how gender roles take shape （ C） the point that men are more likely to succeed than women （ D） the womens inborn preference for beautiful dresses and dancing lessons 23 As can be inferred from t
31、he passage, gender-role socialization patterns _ in the United States. （ A） have changed dramatically （ B） have remained unchanged （ C） have been largely overlooked （ D） have been affected by the feminist movement 23 Countries at all levels of economic development face a similar challenge: to make t
32、heir industries competitive in an increasingly integrated global economy. Despite sharing the same overall goal, though, countries face distinctive geographical issues in ensuring that their industries compete effectively. Industries in relatively developed countries must protect their markets from
33、new competitors. Countries once governed or still governed by communist parties must prepare their industries to compete in a global market-driven economy. Developing countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America must identify new markets and sources of revenue to generate industrial growth. Competit
34、ion among blocs Industrial competition in the relatively developed world increasingly takes place among blocs of countries. Countries within three groups North America, Western Europe, and East Asia cooperate more extensively with each other but compete against the other two regions to promote indus
35、trial growth. In North America, the United States and Canada have eliminated virtually all trade barriers, while similar efforts have been made among the members of the European Community. Cooperation is less extensive in East Asia, where Japanese industries tend to set the lead in exporting industr
36、ial goods to other countries. The free movement of most products across the borders has led to closer integration of industries within North America and Western Europe. For example, traditionally, most automobiles sold in Canada were manufactured in Canada, but now most automobiles sold in Canada ar
37、e assembled in the United States. On balance, however, Canada exports twice as many automobiles to its southern neighbor as it imports. Every Chevrolet Caprice and Ford Taurus sold in Canada is actually assembled in the United States, but every Chevrolet Lumina and Ford Crown Victoria sold in the Un
38、ited States is actually assembled in Canada. At the same time they have promoted internal cooperation, the three trading blocs have erected barriers to restrict the ability of industries from other regions to compete effectively. European Community members slap a tax on goods that were produced in o
39、ther countries. Japan has lengthy permit procedures that effectively hinder foreign companies from selling there. The Japanese government maintains quotas on the number of automobiles its companies can export to the United States in order to counter charges of unfair competition. Transnational corpo
40、rations Industries within relatively developed countries are increasingly controlled by large transnational corporations, sometimes called multinational corporations. A transnational corporation operates factories in countries other than the one in which its headquarters is located. Initially, trans
41、national corporations were primarily American-owned, but in recent years Japanese, German, and other European companies have been active as well. Some transnational corporations locate factories in other countries to expand their markets. Manufacturing the product where it is to be sold overcomes th
42、e restrictions that many countries place on imports. Furthermore, given the lack of economic growth in many relatively developed countries, a corporation may find that the only way it can increase sales is to move into another country. Transnational corporations also open factories in countries with
43、 lower-cost site factors, in order to reduce production costs. The site factor that varies among countries most dramatically is labor. Japanese transnational corporations have been especially active in the United States in recent years. Several hundred Japanese-owned corporations have built factorie
44、s in the United States, primarily to develop new markets for electronics, automotive components, and metal products. Most of these plants have been located in a handful of interior states, including Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Tennessee, and Illinois. 24 The Japanese government sets quotas on
45、 the exports of automobiles to _. （ A） hinder foreign companies from selling in Japan （ B） promote selling in Japan （ C） maintain balanced trade with other countries （ D） operate factories in other countries 25 Which of the following is NOT true of the worlds economic blocs? （ A） There is free movem
46、ent of goods across borders in North America. （ B） East Asia is the area with the most extensive cooperation. （ C） The three blocs have taken measures against competition from the outside. （ D） Ford cars running in the U.S. might be manufactured abroad. 26 Which of the following is TRUE of multinati
47、onal corporations? （ A） All of them have their headquarters in North America. （ B） Labor is an important factor in determining the sites of factories to be built. （ C） The Japanese have built their plants primarily along the coasts of the U.S. （ D） Goods manufactured in local plants are viewed as im
48、ports in some countries. 27 According to the passage, there is not much cooperation in East Asia because _. （ A） many countries in East Asia are politically hostile to Japan （ B） few countries in this region could match Japan in export （ C） the governments are not aware of the necessity （ D） there i
49、s no agreement on the elimination of trade barriers 28 Transnational corporations locate their factories in other countries for all of the following considerations EXCEPT _. （ A） expansion of market （ B） reduction of production costs （ C） overcoming import restrictions （ D） gaining more skilled hi-tech personnel 28 I cry easily. I once burst into tears when the curtain came down on the Kirov Ballets “Swan Lake“. I still cho
