1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 289及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.
2、 When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 Statistic . The defendant is guilty or not? Expert: 1)A DNA sample 【 1】 _defendants. 【 1】 _ 2)The possibi
3、lity of odds is one in million. Defense lawyer: Counter the fact that if in a city of three million people, there are 【 2】 _ 【 2】 _ matching each other s DNA. . Unjust discrimination? 1)Universities add additional points to minority group students. They unlawfully make an easier 【 3】 _for those stud
4、ents. 【 3】_ 2)Annie was kept from 【 4】 _. Her lawyer used statistics to show 【 4】_ that workers, who were not in 【 5】 _group, with the same 【 5】_ qualifications were promoted. 3)Tobacco companies won the cases because of the 【 6】 _. 【 6】_ Warning: statistics should be 【 7】 _along with other evidence
5、. 【 7】_ . Statistics in calculation: 1)【 8】 _analysis: e.g. Bert could no longer work. Statisticians 【 8】 _ predict how long he could work and how long he could have made. 2)Multiple regression analysis: Statistician finds the “best fit“ for all the sample data when multiple independent 【 9】 _are at
6、 work. 【 9】_ . Statistics on the witness stand: experts know how to make statistics 【 10】 _ 【 10】 _ cross examine and challenge the validity of statistics 1 【 1】 2 【 2】 3 【 3】 4 【 4】 5 【 5】 6 【 6】 7 【 7】 8 【 8】 9 【 9】 10 【 10】 SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything
7、ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 11 Which of the following is NOT among the criteria
8、 of the 100 most powerful women in the world? （ A） the amount of money they control （ B） their previous jobs （ C） their public profile （ D） their attitude toward the press 12 Who is an unpredictable candidate among the women of this year? （ A） Angela Merkel （ B） Condoleezza Rice （ C） Angela Ahrendts
9、 （ D） Rose Marie Bravo 13 The Chileans felt _when they saw Michelle Bachelet on this list. （ A） angry （ B） excited （ C） indifferent （ D） surprised 14 Which of the following statement is true about Margaret Whitman? （ A） Shes one of the richest women in the world. （ B） Shes a founder of eBay. （ C） Sh
10、e helped build eBay into the second most successful companies on the Internet. （ D） Shes at No. 20 on the list of the 100 most powerful women in the world. 15 Which of the following reasons CANNOT explain why Meredith Vieira was on the list of the 100 most powerful women in the world? （ A） Because s
11、hes going to be taking the role of the Today Show from Wednesday. （ B） Because shes accomplished a lot over the course of her many years in this profession. （ C） Because shes going to be so influential in what she does. （ D） Because she is an award-winning newswoman, and shes spent nine years on the
12、 view. SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. 16 How much will Ford provide as pension funds to the employ
13、ees of Jaguar and Land Rover? （ A） $600m. （ B） $10bn. （ C） $2.5bn. （ D） $2,500. 17 Which of the following is TRUE of the people suffering from the accident? （ A） 15 evacuated, 2 seriously injured, 5 missing. （ B） 15 evacuated, 2 moderately injured, 5 missing. （ C） 50 evacuated, 2 moderately injured,
14、 none missing. （ D） 50 evacuated, 2 seriously injured, none missing. 18 Rescuers have been denied access into the building for the following reasons EXCEPT （ A） the possibility of the building collapsing. （ B） the likely explosion from the gas tank. （ C） the possible subsequent rockslides. （ D） the
15、noise and trembling at the moment. 19 When did the space shuttle Endeavour land Wednesday night? （ A） An hour before sunset. （ B） An hour after sunset. （ C） An hour before sunrise. （ D） An hour after sunrise. 20 What is the main idea of the news item? （ A） The space shuffle would be under close insp
16、ection. （ B） One of the crew members failed to head home. （ C） Unexpected weather delayed the landing of Endeavor. （ D） The space shuffle made a smooth landing. 20 “The landscape seen from our windows is certainly charming, “said Annabel; “those cherry orchards and green meadows, and the river windi
17、ng along the valley, and the church tower peeping out among the elms, they all make a most effective picture. Theres something dreadfully sleepy and languorous about it, though; stagnation seems to be the dominant note. Nothing ever happens here; seedtime and harvest, an occasional outbreak of measl
18、es or a mildly destructive thunderstorm, and a little election excitement about once in five years, that is all that we have to modify the monotony of our existence. Rather dreadful, isnt it?“ “On the contrary, “said Matitda, “I find it soothing and restful; but then, you see, Ive lived in countries
19、 where things do happen, ever so many at a time, when youre not ready for them happening all at once. “That, of course, makes a difference, “said Annabel. “I have never forgotten, “said Matilda, “the occasion when the Bishop of Bequar paid us an unexpected visit; he was on his way to lay the foundat
20、ion-stone of a mission-house or something of the sort. “I thought that out there you were always prepared for emergency guests turning up, “said Annabel. “I was quite prepared for half a dozen Bishops, “said Matilda, “but it was rather disconcerting to find out after a little conversation that this
21、particular one was a distant cousin of mine, belonging to a branch of the family that had quarreled bitterly and offensively with our branch about a Crown Derby dessert service; they got it, and we ought to have got it, in some legacy, or else we got it and they thought they ought to have it, I forg
22、et which; anyhow, I know they behaved disgracefully.“ “It was rather trying, but you could have left your husband to do most of the entertaining. “My husband was fifty miles up-country, talking sense, or what he imagined to be sense, to a village community that fancied one of their leading men was a
23、 were-tiger.“ “A what tiger ?“ “A were-tiger; youve heard of were-wolves, havent you, a mixture of wolf and human being and demon? Well, in those parts they have were-tigers, or think they have, and I must say that in this case, so far as sworn, and uncontested evidence went, they had every ground f
24、or thinking so. However, as we gave up witchcraft prosecutions about three hundred years ago, we dont like to have other people keeping on our discarded practices; it doesnt seem respectful to our mental and moral position.“ “I hope you werent unkind to the Bishop, “said Annabel. “Well, of course he
25、 was my guest, so I had to be outwardly polite to him, but he was tactless enough to rake up the incidents of the old quarrel, and to try to make out that there was something to be said for the way his side of the family had behaved; even if there was, which I dont for a moment admit, my house was n
26、ot the place in which to say it. I didnt argue the matter, but I gave my cook a holiday to go and visit his aged parents some ninety miles away. The emergency cook was not a specialist in curries, in fact, I dont think cooking in any shape or form could have been one of his strong points. I believe
27、he originally came to us in the guise of a gardener, but as we never pretended to have anything that could be considered a garden he was utilised as assistant goatherd, in which capacity, I understand, he gave every satisfaction. When the Bishop heard that I had sent away the cook on a special and u
28、nnecessary holiday he saw the inwardness of the manoeuvre, and from that moment we were scarcely on speaking terms. If you have ever had a Bishop with whom you were not on speaking terms staying in your house, you will appreciate the situation.“ Annabel confessed that her life-story had never includ
29、ed such a disturbing experience. 21 All of the following adjectives describe Annabels impression of the landscape EXCEPT （ A） languid. （ B） repressive. （ C） enchanting. （ D） boring. 22 Which of the following statements is NOT true of Matilda? （ A） She enjoys the peace of the place where she is. （ B）
30、 The visit of a Bishop left a deep impression on her. （ C） Her life story is quite different from Annabels. （ D） She is on good terms with a lot of Bishops. 23 When the Bishop of Bequar called on Matilda, she felt quite （ A） hectic. （ B） distraught. （ C） disturbed. （ D） pious. 24 Which of the follow
31、ing can we infer from the passage? （ A） Many people tend to practice witchcraft. （ B） Matildas husband knows the visiting Bishop. （ C） Matildas husband may be one of the priesthood. （ D） Matilda doesnt believe that there are were-tigers. 25 The phrase “rake up“ in the seventh paragraph probably refe
32、rs to （ A） bring to light. （ B） keep away from. （ C） chatter on about. （ D） keep dark. 26 What do we know about the emergency cook from the passage? （ A） His parents lived ninety miles away. （ B） He did well in tending Matildas livestock. （ C） He had planned to work as a cook in Matildas. （ D） He co
33、oked a dish with curries for the Bishop. 26 People do not have secret trolleys at the supermarket, so how can it be a violation of their privacy if a grocer sells their purchasing habits to a marketing firm? If they walk around in public view, what harm can cameras recording their movements cause? A
34、 company is paying them to do a job, so why should it not read their e-mails when they are at work? How, what and why, indeed. Yet, in all these situations, most people feel a sense of unease. The technology for gathering, storing, manipulating and sharing information has become part of the scenery,
35、 but there is little guidance on how to resolve the conflicts created by all the personal data now washing around. A group of computer scientists at Stanford University, led by John. Mitchell, has started to address the problem in a novel way. Instead of relying on rigid (and easily programmable) co
36、des of what is and is not acceptable, Dr. Mitchell and his colleagues Adam Barth and Anupam Datta have turned to a philosophical theory called contextual integrity. This theory acknowledges that people do not require complete privacy. They will happily share information with others as long as certai
37、n social norms are met. Only when these norms are contravened-for example, when your psychiatrist tells the personnel department all about your consultation-has your privacy been invaded. The team think contextual integrity can be used to express the conventions and laws surrounding privacy in the f
38、ormal vernacular of a computer language. Contextual integrity, which was developed by Helen Nissenbaum of New York University, relies on four classes of variable. These are the context of a flow of information, the capacities in which the individuals sending and receiving the information are acting,
39、 the types of information involved, and what she calls the “principle of transmission“. It is the fourth of these variables that describes the basis on which information flows. Someone might, for example, receive information under the terms of a commercial exchange, or because he deserves it, or bec
40、ause someone chose to share it with him, or because it came to him as a legal right, or because he promised to keep it secret. These are all examples of transmission principles. Dr. Nissenbaum has been working with Mr. Barth to turn these wordy descriptions of the variables of contextual integrity i
41、nto formal expressions that can be incorporated into computer programs. The tool Mr. Barth is employing to effect this transition is linear temporal logic, a system of mathematical logic that can express detailed constraints on the past and the future. Linear temporal logic is an established discipl
42、ine. It is, for example, used to test safety critical systems, such as aeroplane flight controls. The main difference between computer programs based on linear temporal logic and those using other sorts of programming language is that the former describe how the world ought to be, whereas the latter
43、 list specific instructions for the computer to carry out in order to achieve a particular end. The former say something like: “If you need milk, you ought eventually to arrive at the shop. “The latter might say: “Check the refrigerator. If there is no milk, get in your car. Start driving. Turn left
44、 at the corner. Park. Walk into the shop.“ Dr. Mitchell and his team have already written logical formulae that they believe express a number of American privacy laws, including those covering health care, financial institutions and childrens activities online. The principles of transmission can be
45、expressed in logical terms by using concepts such as “previously“ and “eventually“ as a type of mathematical operator. (They are thus acting as the equivalents of the “plus“, “minus“, “ multiply“ and “divide“ signs in that more familiar system of logic known as arithmetic.) For example, the Gramm-Le
46、aeh-Bliley act states that “a financial institution may not disclose personal information, unless such financial institution provides or has provided to the consumer a notice. “This is expressed as: IF send (financial-institution, third-party, personal-information) THEN PREVIOUSLY send (financial-in
47、stitution, consumer, notification) OR EVENTUALLY send (financial-institution, consumer, notification) According to Dr. Nissenbaum, applying contextual integrity to questions of privacy not only results in better handling of those questions, but also helps to pinpoint why new methods of gathering inf
48、ormation provoke indignation. In a world where the ability to handle data is rapidly outpacing agreement about how that ability should be used, this alone is surely reason to study it. 27 The author suggest at the beginning that （ A） the computer technology can be used to protect peoples privacy in
49、public. （ B） the technology of computing information may interfere with peoples privacy. （ C） personal data should not be released to the public for commercial use. （ D） the computer technology is to blame for intruding upon peoples privacy. 28 The theory of contextual integrity （ A） denies peoples legal rights to require complete priv
