1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 305及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.
2、 When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 Characteristics of American Culture . Punctuality A. Going to the theater: be 【 1】 _ twenty minutes prior
3、 【 1】 _ B. Eateries response for delaying 【 2】 _ : 【 2】 _ push the reservation to the end of the list C. Dining with Americans at home: be slightly less restrictive . Equality A. First come, 【 3】 _ 【 3】 _ B. Bribery to receive any 【 4】 _ is not recommended. 【 4】 _ . Little concern about dress A. no
4、appreciation for 【 5】 _ about peoples dress 【 5】 _ B. popularity of uniform of jeans and 【 6】 _ 【 6】 _ . 【 7】 _ to feminism words among women 【 7】 _ A. be proud of a choice between office and home B. dislike such issues as gun control, abortion rights, and 【 8】 _【 8】 _ . Pride of efficiency above al
5、l else A. think of almost everything in units to be produced in the most time and 【 9】 _ manner. 【 9】 _ B. work to earn money to buy consumer goods that will pump money into the economy . Conclusion You are supposed to remember: A. the guidelines pointing to characteristics that are considered preva
6、lent in 【 10】 _ 【 10】 _ B. the traits often misunderstood or overlooked by typical short-team visitors. 1 【 1】 2 【 2】 3 【 3】 4 【 4】 5 【 5】 6 【 6】 7 【 7】 8 【 8】 9 【 9】 10 【 10】 SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the que
7、stions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 11 According to the interviewee Mrs, Sutter, the mason for limiting population is that _. （ A） populat
8、ion is directly related to consuming food and other resources which are being run out （ B） underdeveloped countries have great problems in increasing productivity to produce more materials （ C） people are destroying living environment （ D） there is less space for people to live in 12 Why is it neces
9、sary to limit population even in Europe and America? （ A） They can save more to meet the needs of underdeveloped world. （ B） Europe and America shouldnt shirk the responsibility of the whole world. （ C） The number of people in Europe and America is no less than that in underdeveloped world. （ D） Eur
10、ope and America consume a far greater proportion of the worlds resources and food. 13 Under what circumstances is it possible to increase population? （ A） We increase productivity and produce more food. （ B） We eat less food and use less material. （ C） We find another planet to live on. （ D） The dev
11、eloped world is willing to help the underdeveloped world. 14 Free birth control technique should be compulsory for all the people EXCEPT _. （ A） upper-middle class people （ B） high IQ intelligentsia （ C） those who have less than 3 children （ D） those who have more than 3 children 15 What is this int
12、erview mainly about? （ A） The need to control population both in underdeveloped and developed world. （ B） How to control population in Europe. （ C） Scarcity of food in the world. （ D） Population and Environment. SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY.
13、 Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. 16 What is the main idea of the news item? （ A） Mr. Olmert was confirmed of having taken bribes from a Jewish American businessman. （ B） Mr. Olmert was sus
14、pected of taking bribes and the inquiries might affect the peace process. （ C） Mr. Olmert, the head of government, deflected the peace efforts With the Palestinians. （ D） Mr. Olmert would resign because he took hundreds of thousands of dollars in bribes. 17 General Ban Ki-moon is urging the Burmese
15、government to （ A） hold the constitutional referendum. （ B） allow in foreign search and rescue teams. （ C） accept international aid right away. （ D） adopt John Holmessuggestions. 18 John Holmes thought that the Burmese government could be more _following the constitutional referendum. （ A） naive （ B
16、） feasible （ C） open （ D） elastic 19 When voting, the minorities agreed to cut the legal time limit for abortion to （ A） 24 weeks. （ B） 12 weeks. （ C） 23 weeks. （ D） 22 weeks. 20 Together with Hurricane Elida, there have been _ storms in this season. （ A） fifteen （ B） two （ C） forty （ D） five 20 Joy
17、 and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hosti
18、le way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of en
19、emies (or friends) in the absence of language. Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people
20、exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All group
21、s including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues mor
22、e recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense. Psychological researcher
23、s generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and fac
24、ial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (“feedback“) are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a persons facial expression can influence that persons emotional state. Consider Darwins words: “The free expressi
25、on by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.“ Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger? Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings
26、concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more a
27、ggressive. What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heighten
28、ed arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses). The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found
29、 that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crows feet“ wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings. Ekmans observation may be relevant to the British expressi
30、on “keep a stiff upper lip“ as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff“ lip suppresses emotional response as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facia
31、l feedback may heighten emotional response. 21 The word “despondent“ in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to_. （ A） curious （ B） sad （ C） elated （ D） skeptical 22 Which of the following statements would NOT Darwin agree with? （ A） Facial expressions can only reflect emotional states. （ B） Fa
32、cial expressions may help people survive. （ C） Baring the teeth means the same to people all over the world. （ D） Human emotions that were not expressed would become less intensive. 23 According to paragraph 2, the Fore people_. （ A） knew little about Western culture （ B） showed facial expressions d
33、ifferent from people in other parts of the world （ C） were famous for their solitude （ D） had never been taken photographs before 24 According to the facial-feedback hypothesis, the relationship between emotions and facial expressions is_. （ A） no causal （ B） causal with the former deciding the latt
34、er （ C） causal with the latter deciding the former （ D） causal of two directions 25 Ekman has found that_. （ A） people might have different expressions for the same emotion （ B） pleasant feelings often stimulate Duchenne smile （ C） crows feet wrinkles often accompanied the Duchenne smile （ D） keepin
35、g a stiff upper lip was useful for handling stress 25 Jan Hendrik Schons success seemed too good to be true, and it was. In only four years as a physicist at Bell Laboratories, Schon, 32, had co-authored 90 scientific papers one every 16 days, which astonished his colleagues, and made them suspiciou
36、s. When one co-worker noticed that the same table of data appeared in two separate papers which also happened to appear in the two most prestigious scientific journals in the world, Science and Nature the jig was up. In October 2002, a Bell Labs investigation found that Schon had falsified and fabri
37、cated data. His career as a scientist was finished. If it sounds a lot like the fall of Hwang Woo Suk the South Korean researcher who fabricated his evidence about cloning human cells it is. Scientific scandals, which are as old as science itself, tend to follow similar patterns of hubris and comeup
38、pance. Afterwards, colleagues wring their hands and wonder how such malfeasance can be avoided in the future. But it never is entirely. Science is built on the honor system; the method of peer-review, in which manuscripts are evaluated by experts in the field, is not meant to catch cheats. In recent
39、 years, of course, the pressure on scientists to publish in the top journals has increased, making the journals much more crucial to career success. The questions raised anew by Hwangs fall are whether Nature and Science have become too powerful as arbiters of what science reaches the public, and wh
40、ether the journals are up to their task as gatekeepers. Each scientific specialty has its own set of journals. Physicists have Physical Review Letters; cell biologists have Cell; neuroscientists have Neuron, and so forth. Science and Nature, though, are the only two major journals that cover the gam
41、ut of scientific disciplines, from meteorology and zoology to quantum physics and chemistry. As a result, journalists look to them each week for the cream of the crop of new science papers. And scientists look to the journals in part to reach journalists. Why do they care? Competition for grants has
42、 gotten so fierce that scientists have sought popular renown to gain an edge over their rivals. Publication in specialized journals will win the accolades of academics and satisfy the publish- or-perish imperative, but Science and Nature come with the added bonus of potentially getting your paper wr
43、itten up in The New York Times and other publications. Scientists are also trying to reach other scientists through Science and Nature, not just the public. Scientists tend to pay more attention to the Big Two than to other journals. When more scientists know about a particular paper, theyre more ap
44、t to cite it in their own papers. Being off-cited will increase a scientists “Impact Factor“, a measure of how often papers are cited by peers. Funding agencies use the Impact Factor as a rough measure of the influence of scientists theyre considering supporting. Whether the clamor to appear in thes
45、e journals has any beating on their ability to catch fraud is another matter. The fact is that fraud is terrifically hard to spot. Consider the process Science used to evaluate Hwangs 2005 article. Science editors recognized the manuscripts import almost as soon as it arrived. As part of the standar
46、d procedure, they sent it to two members of its Board of Reviewing Editors, who recommended that it go out for peer review (about 30 percent of manuscripts pass this test). This recommendation was made not on the scientific validity of the paper, but on its “novelty, originality, and trendiness“, sa
47、ys Denis Duboule, a geneticist at the University of Geneva and a member of Sciences Board of Reviewing Editors, in the January 6 issue of Science. After this, Science sent the paper to three stem-cell experts, who had a week to look it over. Their comments were favorable. How were they to know that
48、the data was fraudulent? “You look at the data and do not assume its fraud,“ says one reviewer, anonymously, in Science. In the end, a big scandal now and then isnt likely to do much damage to the big scientific journals. What editors and scientists worry about more are the myriad smaller infraction
49、s that occur all the time, and which are almost impossible to detect. A Nature survey of scientists published last June found that one-third of all respondents had committed some forms of misconduct. These included falsifying research data and having “questionable relationships“ with students and subjects both charges leveled against Hwang. Nobody really knows if this kind of fraud is on the ri
