1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 340及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.
2、 When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 Statistic . The defendant is guilty or not? 1) Expert: A. A DNA sample【 1】 defendants. 【 1】 _ B. The poss
3、ibility of odds is one in million. 2) Defense lawyer: Counter the fact that if in a city of three million people, there are【 2】【 2】_ matching each others DNA. . Unjust discrimination? 1) Universities add additional points to minority group students. They unlawfully make an easier【 3】 for those stude
4、nts. 【 3】 _ 2) Annie was kept from【 4】 . Her lawyer used statistics to show 【 4】_ that workers, who were not in【 5】 group, with the same 【 5】 _ qualifications were promoted. 3) Tobacco companies won the cases because of the【 6】 . 【 6】 _ Warning: statistics should be【 7】 along with other evidence. 【
5、7】 _ . Statistics in calculation: 1)【 8】 analysis: e.g. Bert could no longer work. Statisticians 【 8】 _ predict how long he could work and how long he could have made. 2) Multiple regression analysis: Statistician finds the “best fit“ for all the sample data when multiple independent【 9】 are at work
6、. 【 9】_ . Statistics on the witness stand: -experts know how to make statistics【 10】 【 10】 _ -cross examine and challenge the validity of statistics 1 【 1】 2 【 2】 3 【 3】 4 【 4】 5 【 5】 6 【 6】 7 【 7】 8 【 8】 9 【 9】 10 【 10】 SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE O
7、NLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 11 In 1900, the worlds use of paper was about _ for each
8、person in a year. （ A） 50 kilograms （ B） 1 kilogram （ C） 5 kilograms （ D） 15 kilograms 12 Chinese paper was made from （ A） the hair-like parts of certain plants. （ B） the wood of trees. （ C） the skin of certain young animals. （ D） the stem of tall plants. 13 Who found out that paper could be made fr
9、om trees? （ A） An Englishman. （ B） A Canadian man. （ C） A Swedish man. （ D） A German. 14 Now _ makes the best paper in the world. （ A） Norway （ B） USA （ C） Canada （ D） Finland 15 Some people in Finland wear paper boots in the snow in winter because （ A） they are waterproof. （ B） nothing could be war
10、mer. （ C） they are convenient. （ D） they are durable. SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. 16 How many t
11、imes has the House voted for a specific withdrawal target date up to now? （ A） One. （ B） Two. （ C） Three. （ D） Four. 17 According to the news, which of the following statements is NOT true? （ A） Former President of Russia Yeltsin died of a heart attack at 76. （ B） Bill Clinton and his wife are expec
12、ted to attend on behalf of the United States. （ C） Ordinary Russians can pay their last respects to Mr. Yeltsin. （ D） Putin declared Wednesday a national day of mourning across Russia. 18 Why have Russias media painted a mostly positive spin on Yeltsins life? （ A） To praise the political and economi
13、c freedoms he introduced. （ B） To praise his efforts to the countys economy. （ C） To remember his devotion to the countrys political development. （ D） To remember his work to the countrys common workers. 19 According to Bush, The United States will help African nations strengthen their _. （ A） stock
14、 markets （ B） motor industry （ C） financial markets （ D） medicine factories 20 U.S. President urged the U.S. Congress to play a key role in the fight against _ in Africa. （ A） starvation （ B） AIDS （ C） discrimination （ D） unemployment 20 Community courts and community justice prevailed in England at
15、 the time of the Norman Conquest (1066). The legal system was ritualistic, dependent upon oaths at most stages of litigation, and permeated by both religious and superstitious notions. The proceedings were oral, very personal, and highly confrontative. Juries were unknown. One party publicly “appeal
16、ed,“ or accused, the other before the community meeting at which the presence of both was obligatory. To be absent meant risking fines and outlawry. After the preliminary statements of the parties, the court rendered judgment, not on the merits of the issue nor the question of guilt or innocence, bu
17、t on the manner by which it should be resolved. Judgment in other words preceded trial because it was a decision on what form the trial should take. It might be by compurgation, by ordeal, or, after the Norman Conquest, by battle. Excepting trial by battle, only one party was tried or, more accurate
18、ly, was put to his “proof.“ Proof being regarded as an advantage, it was usually awarded to the accused party; in effect he had the privilege of proving his own case. Trial by compurgation consisted of a sworn statement to the truth of ones claim or denial, supported by the oaths of a certain number
19、 of fellow swearers. Presumably they, no more than the claimant, would endanger their immortal souls by the sacrilege of false swearing. Originally the oath-helpers swore from their own knowledge to the truth of the partys claim. Later they became little more than character witnesses, swearing only
20、to their belief that his oath was trustworthy. If he rounded up the requisite number of compurgators and the cumbrous swearing in very exact form proceeded without a mistake, he won his case. A mistake “burst“ the oath, proving guilt. Ordeals were usually reserved for more serious crimes, for person
21、s of bad reputation, for peasants, or for those caught with stolen goods. As an invocation of immediate divine judgment, ordeals were consecrated by the Church and shrouded with solemn religious mystery. The accused underwent a physical trial in which he called upon God to witness his innocence by p
22、utting a miraculous sign upon his body. Cold water, boiling water, and hot iron were the principal ordeals, all of which the clergy administered. In the ordeal of cold water, the accused was trussed up and cast into a pool to see whether he would sink or float. On the theory that water which had bee
23、n sanctified by a priest would receive an innocent person but reject the guilty, innocence was proved by sinking - and hopefully a quick retrieval - guilt by floating. In the other ordeals, one had to plunge his hand into a cauldron of boiling water or carry a red hot piece of iron for a certain dis
24、tance, in the hope that three days later, when the bandages were removed, the priest would find a “clean“ wound, one that was healing free of infection How deeply one plunged his arm into the water, how heavy the iron or great the distance it was carried, depended mainly on the. gravity of the charg
25、e. The Normans brought to England still another ordeal, trial by battle, paradigm of the adversary system, which gave to the legal concept of “defense“ or “defendant“ a physical meaning. Trial by battle was a savage yet sacred method of proof which was also thought to involve divine intercession on
26、behalf of the righteous. Rather than let a wrongdoer triumph, God would presumably strengthen the arms of the party who had sworn truly to the justice of his cause. Right, not might, would therefore conquer. Trial by battle was originally available for the settlement of all disputes but eventually w
27、as restricted to cases of serious crime. Whether one proved his case by compurgation, ordeal, or battle, the method was accusatory in character. There was always a definite and known accuser, some private person who brought formal suit and openly confronted his antagonist. There was never any secrec
28、y in the proceedings, which were the same for criminal as for civil litigation. The judges, who had no role whatever in the making of the verdict, decided only which party should be put to proof and what its form should be; thereafter the judges merely enforced an observance of the rules. The oaths
29、that saturated the proceedings called upon God to witness to the truth of the respective claims of the parties, or the justice of their cause, or the reliability of their word. No one gave testimonial evidence nor was anyone questioned to test his veracity. 21 According to the passage, being put to
30、the proof (paragraph 1), most nearly means the person was _. （ A） considered innocent until proven guilty （ B） considered guilty no matter what he did （ C） supposed to prove his own innocence （ D） given the privilege of presenting his side first 22 In a trial by ordeal, innocence could be proven by
31、_. （ A） displaying an uninfected wound （ B） floating when cast into the water （ C） wearing bandages for three days （ D） swearing an oath in a precise form 23 The forms of trial discussed in the passage all assume that truth is best determined by _. （ A） carefully questioning witnesses （ B） carefully
32、 assessing physical evidence （ C） an adversary proceeding, or battle （ D） relying on the assistance of God 24 According to the passage, an oath was declared “burst“ during compurgation if the _. （ A） swearer made an error in the exact form of the required ritual （ B） swearer could not round up the r
33、equired number of oath-helpers （ C） swearer preferred trial by ordeal, or by battle （ D） judges decided that the oath was false or unnecessary 25 According to the passage, how did trial by battle differ from trial by compurgation and ordeal in England? （ A） It had a definite, known accuser. （ B） It
34、was only used after the Norman Conquest. （ C） It had no secrecy in the proceedings. （ D） It required judges to question witnesses. 25 Discussion of the assimilation of Puerto Ricans in the United States has focused on two factors: social standing and the loss of national culture. In general, excessi
35、ve stress is placed on one factor or the other, depending on whether the commentator is North American or Puerto Rican. Many North American social scientists, such as Oscar Handlin, Joseph Fitzpatrick, and Oscar Lewis, consider Puerto Ricans the most recent in a long line of ethnic entrants to occup
36、y the lowest rung on the social ladder. Such a “sociodemographic“ approach tends to regard assimilation as a benign process, taking for granted increased economic advantage and inevitable cultural integration, in a supposedly egalitarian context. However, this approach fails to take into account the
37、 colonial nature of the Puerto Rican case, with this group, unlike their European predecessors, coming from a nation politically subordinated to the United States. Even the “radical“ critiques of this mainstream research model, such as the critique developed in Divided Society, attach the issue of e
38、thnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illustrate the cultural subordination if Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority. In contrast, the “colonialist“ approach of island-based writers such as Eduardo SedaBonilla, Manuel Maldonado-Denis, an
39、d Luis Nieves-Falcon tends to view assimilation as the forced loss of national culture in an unequal contest with imposed foreign values. There is, of course, a strong tradition of cultural accommodation among other Puerto Rican thinkers. The writings of Eugenio Fernandez Mendez clearly exemplify th
40、is tradition, and many supporters of Puerto Ricos commonwealth status share the same universalizing orientation. But the Puerto Rican intellectuals who have written most about the assimilation process in the United States all advance cultural nationalist views, advocating the preservation of minorit
41、y cultural distinctions and rejecting what they see as the subjugation of colonial nationalities. This cultural and political emphasis is appropriate, but the colonialist thinkers misdirect it, overlooking the class relations at work in both Puerto Rican and North American history. They pose the cla
42、sh of national culture as an absolute polarity, with each culture understood as static and undifferentiated. Yet both the Puerto Rican and North American traditions have been subject to constant challenge from cultural forces within their own societies, forces that may move toward each other in ways
43、 that cannot be written off as mere “assimilation“. Consider, for example, the indigenous and AfroCaribbean traditions in Puerto Rican culture and how they influence and are influenced by other Caribbean cultures and Black cultures in the United States. The elements of coercion and inequality, so ce
44、ntral to cultural contact according to the colonialist framework, play no role in this kind of convergence of racially and ethnically different elements of the same social class. 26 The authors main purpose is to _. （ A） criticize the emphasis on social standing in discussions of the assimilation of
45、 Puerto Ricans in the United States （ B） support the thesis that assimilation has not been a benign process for Puerto Ricans （ C） defend a view of the assimilation of Puerto Ricans that emphasizes the preservation of national culture （ D） indicate deficiencies in two schools if thoughts in the assi
46、milation of Puerto Ricans in the United States 27 According to the passage, cultural accommodation is promoted by （ A） Eduardo Seda-Bonilla （ B） Manuel Maldonado-Denis （ C） The author of Divided Society （ D） Many supporters of Puerto Ricos commonwealth status 28 It can be inferred form the passage t
47、hat a writer such as Eugenio Fernandez Mendez would most likely agree with which of the following statements concerning members of minority ethnic groups? （ A） It is necessary for the members of such groups to adapt to the culture of the majority. （ B） The members of such groups generally encounter
48、a culture that is static and undifferentiated. （ C） Social mobility is the most important feature of the experience of members of such groups. （ D） Social scientists should emphasize the cultural and political aspects of the experience of members of such groups. 29 The author implies that the Puerto
49、 Rican writers who have written most about assimilation do NOT do which of the following? （ A） Regard assimilation as benign. （ B） Resist cultural integration. （ C） Describe in detail the process of assimilation. （ D） Talk into account the colonial nature of the Puerto Rican case. 30 It can be inferred from the passage that the “colonialist“ approach is so called because its practitioners
