1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 523及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.
2、 When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 Norms: Types and Acceptance Sociologists find that to understand a culture, it is very important to under
3、stand its norms. . Definition of “Norms“ They are the 1 standards of behaviour maintained by a society. 【 1】 _. . Types of Norms Norms are distinguished in two ways: A. Formal and informal norms Formal norms are generally 2 and involve strict rules for punishment of violators.【 2】_. One example is l
4、aws. Informal norms are generally 3 but are not precisely recorded. 【 3】 _. Standards of proper dress are an example. B. Mores and folkways Mores embody the most valuable 4 of a people and are regarded highly necessary【 4】_. to the welfare of a society. Examples are mores against 5 and treason. 【 5】
5、 _. Folkways govern 6 and the violation cause relatively little concern. 【 6】 _. They are important in shaping peoples daily behaviour. . Acceptance of Norms People in a culture normally follow its norms, hut they are not followed in all situations. A. In some cases, people evade a weakly-enforced n
6、orm. 7 is an example 【 7】 _. B. In some instances norms are violated because one norm 8 with another. 【 8】_. For example, your intervening of your neighbours improper behaviour. C. Any norm has 9 . 【 9】 _. Eaves-dropping and self-defence are examples. D. Acceptance of norms is subjected to 10 . 【 10
7、】 _. Womens role is an example. 1 【 1】 2 【 2】 3 【 3】 4 【 4】 5 【 5】 6 【 6】 7 【 7】 8 【 8】 9 【 9】 10 【 10】 SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the e
8、nd of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 11 Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about Mike Scott? （ A） He was employed as Apples CEO. （ B） He was actually employee number 5 when he first came into Apple.
9、（ C） He is of the same age with Mike Markkula, Apples first backer. （ D） He had the nickname of “Scotty“. 12 According to Mike Scott, in the early days, Steve Jobs_ （ A） was more particular about details. （ B） was as assertive as he is today. （ C） was paying attention to the detail of products as we
10、ll as to people. （ D） was probably less particular. 13 What is Mike Scotts attitude towards his early decision to let the two Steves do the publicity? （ A） Regretful. （ B） Satisfied. （ C） Neutral. （ D） Impartial. 14 According to Mike Scott what was one of the big internal arguments at that time? （ A
11、） They just could not do Apple II cheap enough to get to under a thousand dollars. （ B） They wanted to make Apple II $1195. （ C） The profit margin was not satisfactory enough. （ D） The distributors and retail stores were hard to deal with. 15 What can we infer about the price of iPad? （ A） The price
12、 of iPad is unreasonably high. （ B） The price of iPad is higher than Apple II. （ C） The price of iPad is higher than Apple II. （ D） The price of iPad is reasonable. SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions
13、 that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. 16 Whats the reason why U.S. elevates the program according to Rumsfeld? （ A） To make the country more powerful. （ B） To meet 21st century national security needs. （ C） To recognize the threat from oute
14、r space. （ D） To prevent the hostility of other countries. 17 What can the program benefit the U.S. Defense? （ A） To Help recognize the outer space threat such as lasers, anti-satellite weapons. （ B） To make space-based weapons. （ C） To develop satellites that help the military do everything. （ D） T
15、o help spy enemies. 17 Psychologists study memory and learning with both animal and human subjects. The two experiments reviewed here show how short-term memory has been studied. Hunter studied short-term memory in rats. He used a special apparatus which had a cage for the rat and three doors. There
16、 was a light in each door. First the rat was placed in the closed cage. Next one of the lights was turned on and then off. There was food for the rat only at this door. After the light was turned off the rat had to wait a short time before it was released from its cage. Then, if it went to the corre
17、ct door, it was rewarded with the food that was there. Hunter did this experiment many times. He always turned on the lights in a random order. The rat had to wait different intervals before it was released from the cage. Hunter found that if the rat had to wait more than ten seconds, it could not r
18、emember the correct door. Hunters results show that rats have a short-term memory of about ten seconds. Henning studied how students who are learning English as a second language remember vocabulary. The subjects in his experiment were 75 students at the University of California in Los Angeles. They
19、 represented all levels of ability in English: beginning, intermediate, advanced, and native-speaking students. To begin, the subjects listened to a recording of a native speaker reading a paragraph in English. Following the recording, the subjects took a 15-question test to see which words they rem
20、embered. Each question had four choices. The subjects had to circle the word they had heard in the recording. Some of the questions had four choices that sound alike. For example, weather, whether, wither, and wetter are four words that sound alike. Some of the questions had four choices that have t
21、he same meaning. Method, way, manner, and system would be four words with the same meaning. Some of them had four unrelated choices. For instance, weather, method, love, result could be used as four unrelated words. Finally the subjects took a language proficiency test. Henning found that students w
22、ith a lower proficiency in English made more of their mistakes on words that sound alike; students with a higher proficiency made more of their mistakes on words that have the same meaning. Hennings results suggest that beginning students hold the sound of words in their short-term memory, and advan
23、ced students hold the meaning of words in their short-term memory. 18 In Hunters experiment, the rat had to remember_. （ A） where the food was （ B） how to leave the cage （ C） how big the cage was （ D） which light was turned on 19 Hunter found that rats_. （ A） can remember only where their food is （
24、B） cannot learn to go to the correct door （ C） have a short-term memory of one-sixth a minute （ D） have no short-term memory 20 Henning tested the students memory of_. （ A） words copied several times （ B） words explained （ C） words heard （ D） words seen 21 Henning concluded that beginning and advanc
25、ed students_. （ A） have no difficulty holding words in their short-term memory （ B） have much difficulty holding words in their short-term memory （ C） differ in the way they retain words （ D） hold words in their short-term memory in the same w 一、 PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN) Directions: There
26、 are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. 22 The Great Charter (Magna Charter) was signed by_in 12 （ A） King Henry II （ B） King John （ C） King William （ D） King Richard 23 “The Graveyard Poets“ got the name because （ A） they chose to live near grave
27、yards. （ B） they often wrote about death and melancholy. （ C） they always wrote about dead people. （ D） they often use “graveyard“ as the title. 24 _ was the most popular American poet of this century. At the age of 87, he was invited to read a poem at the inauguration of President Kennedy. （ A） Ezr
28、a Pound （ B） Robert Frost （ C） . . Cummings （ D） Carl Sandburg 25 _ is not a novelist. （ A） Henry James （ B） Emily Dickinson （ C） William Dean Howells （ D） Mark Twain 26 The author of “Common Sense“ is _ and he is an_. （ A） Thomas Paine; American （ B） Benjamin Jefferson; American （ C） Thomas Moore;
29、English （ D） Thomas Paine; English 27 The words “make“ and “bus“ are called _ because they can occur unattached. （ A） derivational morphemes （ B） inflectional morphemes （ C） bound morphemes （ D） free morpheme 28 Phatic communication refers to _. （ A） languages function of the expression of identity
30、（ B） social interaction of language （ C） languages function of expressing itself （ D） sociological use of language 29 Speech act theory did not come into being until _. （ A） the late 50s of the 20th century, （ B） the early 1950s of the 20th century. （ C） the late 1960s of the 20th century. （ D） the
31、early 21st century, 30 Australia, which is one of the worlds developed countries, has become rich through _. （ A） manufacturing industries （ B） farming and mining （ C） service industries （ D） forestry and fishing 31 At the time of Cuban Missile Crisis, the President of the U .S. was_. （ A） Truman （
32、B） Eisenhower （ C） Kennedy （ D） Johnson 二、 PART IV PROOFREADING where the gloominess of the place, and the use which it is applied, with the solemnity of the building, and the condition of the people who lie in it, are apt to fill the mind with a kind of melancholy, or rather thoughtfulness, that is
33、 not disagreeable I yesterday passed a whole afternoon in the churchyard, the cloisters, and the church, amusing myself with the tombstones and inscriptions that I met with in those several regions of the dead. Most of them recorded nothing else of the buried person, but that he was born upon one da
34、y, and died upon another; the whole history of his life being comprehended in those two circumstances, that are common to all mankind I could not but look upon these registers of existence, whether of brass or marble, as a kind of satire upon the departed persons; who had left no other memorial of t
35、hem, but that they were born and that they died. 三、 PART VI WRITING (45 MIN) Directions: Write a composition of about 400 words on the following topic. 34 On Small Kindness In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesi
36、s statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and apprapriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your composi
37、tion on ANSWER SHEET FOUR. 专业英语八级模拟试卷 523答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling ta
38、sk after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 【听力原文】 Norms: Types and Acceptance Good afternoon, everybody. Today well go on
39、with our discussion about “Elements of Culture“. We have talked about the element of language, which is viewed by sociologists as the foundation of every culture. Now lets look at the second element-nom. What are norms? Norms can be defined as the established standards of behaviour maintained by a s
40、ociety. Well, you know, all societies have ways of encouraging and enforcing what they view as appropriate behaviour while discouraging and punishing what they consider to be improper conducts. For example, respect for older people is a norm found in China. “Put on some dean clothes for dinner“ is a
41、 norm followed in America. Bowing deeply to each other when meeting and saying good-bye to people is a norm practised in Japan. These are all norms. In order for a norm to become significant, it must be widely shared and understood. For example, when we go to the movies, we typically expect that peo
42、ple will be quiet while the film is showing. Because of this norm, if a member of the audience talks loudly, he may be asked to lower his voice. And when we go to school or go to work, we are expected to be punctual. If someone is late, he or she may feel uneasy and should say sorry to others. Now w
43、ell have a look at the types of norms. Sociologists distinguish norms in two ways. First, norms can be classified as formal and informal. Formal norms have generally been written down and involve strict rules for punishment of violators. Laws are an example of formal norms, because in a political se
44、nse, the law is the body of rules, made by government for society, interpreted by the courts, and backed by the state. Besides, the re- quirements for a college major and rules of a card game are also formal norms. By contrast, informal norms are generally understood but are not precisely recorded.
45、Standards of proper dress are a common example of informal norms. Our society has no specific punishment or sanction if a student comes to college dressed quite differently from everyone else. The most likely response is that he or she might be made fun of by other students for his or her unusual ch
46、oice of clothing. Second, norms are also classified by their relative importance to society. When classified this way, they are known as mores and folkways. Mores are norms that are regarded highly necessary to the welfare of a society, often because they embody the most valuable principles of a peo
47、ple. Each society demands obedience to its mores, and violation can lead to severe penalties. For example, our society has strong mores against murder and treason. Folkways are norms governing everyday behaviour whose violation raised relatively little concern. For ex ample, walking up a “down“ esca
48、lator in a department store challenges our standards of appropriate behaviour, hut it will not result in a fine or a jail sentence. Folkways play an important role in shaping the daffy behaviour of members of a culture. OK, how do people accept norms? Now well talk about the acceptance of norms. First, norms, whether mores or folkways, are not followed in all situations. In some cases, people evade a norm because they know it is weakly enforced. For example, although smoking in public is forbidden, we often find people smoking in buses or other public places. Second, norm
