1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 554及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.
2、 When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 Characteristics of a Bureaucracy People usually hold negative opinion towards bureaucracy, but according
3、to Max Weber, bureaucracy has five characteristics, which entail both positive and negative influences on the society. Division of Labor Specialized experts are employed in each position to perform specific tasks. Positive influence: becoming highly skilled and working with【 1】 _ 【 1】_. Negative inf
4、luence: Trained incapacity: workers become so specialized that they develop blind spots and cannot notice【 2】 _ 【 2】 _. Serious threat to the unemployed. Sex discrimination due to unnecessary distinctions between men and women. Hierarchy of Authority Each position is under supervision of a【 3】 _ 【 3
5、】 _. Positive influence: bringing women advantage at lower levels of bureaucracy. Negative influence: preventing women from being promoted to higher positions Women are viewed more as【 4】 _than as innovators, not aggressive enough 【 4】 _. to serve in higher management posts. Written Rules and Regula
6、tions All the work in a bureaucracy is carried out in accordance to specific rules and regulations. Positive influence: Ensuring【 5】 _of every task. 【 5】 _. Offering employees clear job performance standards. Creating a sense of【 6】 _in a bureaucracy. 【 6】 _. Negative influence: Leading to goal disp
7、lacement, i.e. rules becoming more important than achieving certain objective. 【 7】 _ 【 7】 _. Duty is carried out without personal consideration of people as individuals. Positive influence: ensuring【 8】 _of each person 【 8】 _. Negative influence: leading to cold and uncaring feelings of modern orga
8、nizations Employment Based on Technical Qualifications Hiring is based on technical qualifications, and performance is measured against specific standards. Positive influence: 【 9】 _can be more open and fair. 【 9】 _. Loyalty to the organization can be encouraged. Negative influence: talented people
9、being promoted continuous till they get to positions【 10】 _ 【 10】 _. 1 【 1】 2 【 2】 3 【 3】 4 【 4】 5 【 5】 6 【 6】 7 【 7】 8 【 8】 9 【 9】 10 【 10】 SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to
10、5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 11 What does this interview mainly talk about? （ A） The high divorce rate in this country. （ B） The conflicts people are confronted in th
11、eir daily life. （ C） Differences between men and women in marriage. （ D） Superficial friendship in this country. 12 What kind of people usually go to a therapist? （ A） The couple who want to have a divorce. （ B） Young people who have conflicts with their parents. （ C） People who are not satisfied wi
12、th their job. （ D） People who have successful careers. 13 What does Mr. Schwartz, the therapist, say about the nature of marriage in this country? （ A） The couple have to comprise to each other. （ B） The structure of marriage is tied into a kinship structure. （ C） Its a relationship between two fami
13、lies. （ D） Its two people who are largely on their own, and who are expecting a great deal from each other. 14 Mr. Schwartz thinks that friendships in this country is_. （ A） superficial （ B） very close （ C） quite difficult （ D） much emphasized 15 What can be inferred from this conversation? （ A） Man
14、y professional women launch their careers first, then have children later. （ B） People in this country spend less time with friends than with family. （ C） There is no much difference between men and women with a view to friendship. （ D） Women come to the therapist more often than men. SECTION C NEWS
15、 BROADCAST Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. 16 What is the passage primarily concerned with? （ A） The study of Emu oil. （ B）
16、The use of Emu oil. （ C） The effect of Emu oil. （ D） Neither of above choices. 16 American culture is defined by rather gradual movements from one stage of socialization to the next. The lifelong socialization process involves many different social forces which influence our lives and alter our self
17、-images. Family The family is the institution most closely associated with the process of socialization. Obviously, one of its primary functions is the care and rearing of children. We experience socialization first as babies and infants living in families; it is here that we develop an initial sens
18、e of self. Most parents seek to help their children become competent adolescents and self-sufficient adults, which means socializing them into the norms and values of both the family and the larger society. The development of the self is a critical aspect of the early years of ones life. In the Unit
19、ed States, such social development includes exposure to cultural assumptions regarding sex differences. The term “gender roles“ refers to expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females. As the primary agents of childhood socialization, parents play a criti
20、cal role in guiding children into those gender roles deemed appropriate in a society. Other adults, older siblings, the mass media, and religious and educational institutions also have noticeable impact on a childs socialization into feminine and masculine norms. Differential treatment of children b
21、y adults is an influential aspect of gender-role socialization. Let us consider a hypothetical example of differential treatment of children which begins in the family. Ron and Louise are twins who both show an unusual interest in science at an early age. For his birthdays, Ron is given chemistry se
22、ts, telescopes, microscopes, and the like; however, despite asking for similar gifts, Louise is given miniature dollhouses, beautiful dresses, and dancing lessons. When the twins are in junior high school, teachers take note of Rons love for science. They encourage him to do special projects, to hel
23、p with their laboratory work, and to join the science club. Louise is given no such encouragement; in fact, one teacher considers her fascination with astronomy “strange“ for a girl. By the twins high school years, Ron is well known as a “science whiz.“ The guidance counselor suggests that he attend
24、 a college with a strong science program in order to achieve his goal of becoming a biologist. Louise has realized that she would like to become an astronomer, but the counselor and her parents pressure her into preparing for a career as an early childhood teacher a career which they see as more sui
25、table for a woman. During their college years, Ron and Louise might develop self-images as “scientist“ and “teacher,“ respectively. On the other hand, Louise might get to college, switch her major, and become an astronomer despite everyone s opp6sition. Neither of these young people is a passive act
26、or who will inevitably follow the traditional gender roles of American society. Yet it can be extremely difficult to pursue a career, or any other type of life choice if ones parents, teachers, and the society as a whole seem to be telling you that you are unmasculine or feminine for doing so. Witho
27、ut question, differential socialization has a powerful impact on the development of American females and males. Like other elements of culture, socialization patterns are not fixed. There has, for example, been a sustained challenge to traditional American gender-role socialization in the last 15 ye
28、ars, owing in good part to the efforts of the feminist movement. Nevertheless, despite such changes, children growing up in the 1980s are hardly free of. traditional gender roles. 17 According to the passage, socialization can be best described as_. （ A） a process in which one learns how to behave i
29、n a society （ B） a process in which one learns how to make friends （ C） a process in which one learns how to be a male or female （ D） a process in which one learns how to treat people differentially 18 The hypothetical example of Ron and Louise is to illustrate _. （ A） the parents role in socializat
30、ion （ B） how gender roles take shape （ C） the point that men are more likely to succeed than women （ D） the womens inborn preference for beautiful dresses and dancing lessons 19 As Can be inferred from the passage, gender-role socialization patterns _in the United States. （ A） have changed dramatica
31、lly （ B） have remained unchanged （ C） have been altered by the feminist movement （ D） have received attention from the feminist movement 一、 PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN) Directions: There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. 20 _laid the f
32、oundations of the English state. （ A） The Celts （ B） The Anglo-Saxons （ C） The Romans （ D） The Normans 21 The Authorized Version of the Bible (published in 1611) was made by _command. （ A） Edward IVs （ B） James Is （ C） Elizabeth Is （ D） Henry VIIIs 22 Hawaii is in the_Ocean. （ A） Atlantic （ B） Pacif
33、ic （ C） Oceania （ D） Indian 23 Canada occupies about _ of North American. （ A） 1/3 （ B） 1/2 （ C） 1/4 （ D） 1/5 24 “Rose“ can mean “a beautiful young lady“. This is an example of_. （ A） denotative meaning （ B） connotative meaning （ C） iconic meaning （ D） grammatical meaning 25 Walter Scott was famous
34、for his_. （ A） Pride and Prejudice （ B） Sense and Sensibility （ C） Emma （ D） The Lady of the Lake 26 In Britain, _was the highest officer of the Crown and presided in the House of Lords. （ A） Prime Minister （ B） Lord Chancellor （ C） Queen （ D） Cabinet Secretary 28 The three largest cities in Canada
35、do NOT include _. （ A） Toronto （ B） Quebec （ C） Ottawa （ D） Vancouver 29 The short stories often with surprise endings such as “The Gift of Magi“ and “The Last Leaf“ are written by _. （ A） O. Henry （ B） Theodore Dreiser （ C） William Faulkner （ D） Jack London 二、 PART IV PROOFREADING that is, workers
36、become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems. Besides, specialization is especially disastrous for the person who loses a job during layoff. The third problem is that division of labor may actually contribute to sex discrimination by creating unnecessary an
37、d inappropriate distinctions between female and male employees. The second characteristic Weber found for bureaucracy is hierarchy of authority. Bureaucracies follow the principle of hierarchy; that is, each position is under the supervision of a higher authority. Large medical groups, for example,
38、have boards of directors, executive committees, and administrators. Recent research suggests that bureaucracy may be a positive environment for women at the lower but not the upper echelons of the hierarchy. It is believed that many traits traditionally associated with women are conducive to partici
39、pation in a bureaucratic organization. However, women may find their career progress hindered because they function more as facilitators than as innovators, and then are not viewed as aggressive enough to serve in higher management posts. Consequently, although traditional feminine values may be fun
40、ctional for women in the lower levels of bureaucratic structure, they appear to become disfunctional as women aspire to greater power and prestige. What will be the third feature, then.? Thats written rules and regulations. Rules and regulations, as we all know, are an important characteristic of bu
41、reaucracies. Ideally, through such procedures, a bureaucracy ensures uniform performance of every task. This prohibits us from receiving an extra $ 20 at the bank, but aim guarantees us that we will receive essentially the same treatment as other customers. If the bank provides them with special ser
42、vices, such as monthly statements or investment advice, it will also provide us with those services. Through written rules and regulations, bureaucracies generally offer employees clear standards as to what is considered an adequate performance. In addition, procedures provide a valuable sense of co
43、ntinuity in a bureaucracy. Individual workers will come and go, but the structure and past records give the organization a life of its own that outlives the services of any one bureaucrat. Of course, rules and regulations can over-shadow the larger goals of an organization and become disfunctional.
44、If blindly applied, they will no longer serve as a means to achieving an objective but instead will become important in their own right. This would certainly be the case if a hospital emergency room physician failed to treat a seriously injured person because he or she had no valid proof of United S
45、tates citizenship. Robert Merton has used the term goal displacement to refer to overzealous conformity to official regulations. The fourth characteristic on Webers list is impersonality. He wrote that in a bureaucracy, work is carried out without hatred or passion. Bureaucratic norms dictate that o
46、fficials perform their duties without the person- al consideration of people as individuals. This is intended to guarantee equal treatment for each person; however, it also contributes to the often cold and uncaring feeling associated with modem organizations. We typically think of big government an
47、d big business when we think of impersonal bureaucracies. Interestingly, during the most turbulent years of the 1960s, student activists bitterly protested the bureaucratic nature of the American university. Employment based on technical qualifications is regarded as the last feature of bureaucracy.
48、 Within a bureaucracy, hiring is based on technical qualifications rather than on favoritism, and performance is measured against specific standards. This is designed to protect bureaucrats against arbitrary dismissal and to provide a measure of security. Promotions are dictated by written personnel policies, and people often have a right to appeal if they believe that particular roles have been violated. Such procedures encourage loyalty to the organization. Unfortunately, personnel decisions within a bureaucracy do not always follow this ideal pattern
