1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 72及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.
2、When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 Darwin and His Theory Darwin was born in 1809 as the son of a physician. He earlier planned to become a 【
3、1】 _ in the Church of England. Later he accepted an invitation to serve as an unpaid naturalist on the H.M.S. Beagle, and joined in the 【 2】 _ scientific expedition to the Pacific coast of South America in 1831 The book On the Origin of Species was published in 1859 and aroused a storm of 【 3】 _ He
4、continued to write and publish his works on biology throughout his life. He died on1882 and lies buried in Westminster Abbey. Darwins general theory presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic “descent with 【 4】 _ “, the result of which is an entirely different
5、organism. What Darwin brought to the old philosophy of evolution is a new mechanism called “natural selection“. It acts to pre serve and 【 5】 _ minor advantageous genetic mutations. It is the preservation of a 【 6】 _ advantage that enables a species to compete better in the wild. Similarly, it 【 7】
6、_ inferior species gradually over time. Darwins theory of evolution is a slow gradual process. He wrote, “Natural selection acts only by taking advantage of slight 【 8】 _ variations.“ An irreducibly complex system is composed of multiple parts, and every individual part is 【 9】 . The common mousetra
7、p is an common 【 10】 _ example of irreducible complexity. 1 【 1】 2 【 2】 3 【 3】 4 【 4】 5 【 5】 6 【 6】 7 【 7】 8 【 8】 9 【 9】 10 【 10】 SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based
8、 on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 11 Which of the following about BBC in NOT correct? （ A） The initials BBC stand for British Broadcasting Corporation. （ B） Its a public corporation.
9、 （ C） The government cant control it. （ D） There are some advertising on it. 12 ITV gets its money from _. （ A） investments （ B） the TV licenses （ C） advertisements （ D） the government 13 According to the conversation, what does the Open University refer to? （ A） The university broadcasts on both BB
10、C and ITV. （ B） The university for people whove never been to university. （ C） The university for people who have got a chance to go to university. （ D） The university run in the open fields. 14 Which of the following is not a reason for the mans not going to the cinema? （ A） It costs money. （ B） He
11、 watches only news programmes. （ C） Its a lot more trouble going out than staying at home. （ D） He only likes old films. 15 According to the man if you watch football on TV rather than go to the match, _. （ A） you feel tile importance of tile occasion （ B） you dont lose any of the atmosphere （ C） yo
12、u get a better view of the game （ D） you feel as good as in real life SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question
13、s. 16 According lo the news, who killed the villagers? （ A） Suspected Muslim militants. （ B） Suspected Algerian militants. （ C） Suspected Islamic civilians. （ D） Suspected Algerian civilians. 17 Who claimed responsibility for the attack? （ A） Nobody. （ B） Muslim militants. （ C） An Islamic organizati
14、on. （ D） Tile Algerian government. 18 What is the problem with Russias space station? （ A） It has lost its primary oxygen sources. （ B） It has lost its backup oxygen sources. （ C） It has lost both the primary and the backup oxygen sources. （ D） It has lost neither the primary or the backup oxygen so
15、urces. 19 What problems has the space station experienced in the past six months? （ A） Generator malfunction. （ B） Computer error. （ C） A collision with another station. （ D） All the above. 20 There are _ Russian(s) and _ American(s) on board. （ A） one, one （ B） one, two （ C） two, two （ D） two, one
16、20 Because markets are often unpredictable, successful marketing is rather like hitting a moving target. Consumer tastes vary depending on fashions and trends, causing the demand for products to fluctuate with alarming frequency. It is because of this uncertainty that we need to analyse and know as
17、much as we can about customers and markets, and also about our own businesses. Not all marketplace opportunities are real opportunities for every business. Only those which a business can successfully exploit - those which match its capabilities - come into this category. The process of analysing ma
18、rketing opportunities therefore begins with an internal analysis of a business itself - a process which must include not only the specifically market-related aspects of its operations, such as sales and advertising, but also other aspects, such as financial resources, work-related aspects of its ope
19、rations, such as sales and advertising, but also other aspects, such as financial resources, work-force skills, technology and so on. A useful framework for undertaking this internal analysis is to divide these aspects into four areas: customers, sales, marketing activities and other factors. We mus
20、t determine who the businesss customers are, how many there are and what their requirements are. We must then estimate how many products the business can be expected to sell in order to determine what product development will be required. Product development includes market re- search, which is vita
21、l to ensure that the businesss products are right for the market, and to enable the business to set pricing and discount policies which will maximise sales. Finally, we must examine how all of these factors relate to other aspects of the business that may affect sales levels, such as management and
22、work-force skills and corporate goals. Having carefully analysed these internal factors, it is time to look at the outside world. An external analysis also needs to examine carefully a wide range of areas - such as legal/political factors; economic factors; cultural/social factors; technology; insti
23、tutions and competition. There may be restrictions on the production or sale of particular products: for example, the age restrictions that exist in many countries on the sale of alcohol; and tobacco will obviously influence the size of the market for these products. Rising or falling interest rates
24、 affect peoples disposable income, and may alter demand and therefore market size. Development of the society and its population, and how peoples requirements will be affected, must also be considered. New technologies may affect both peoples expectations and other products that are likely to become
25、 available. Consequently it may be expected that traditional, social and economic institutions will alter over time, so that people may no longer buy, sell and distribute products in traditional ways through wholesalers and retail outlets; instead they will order products from home using the latest
26、computer and cable television technology. And lastly, we must consider any potential competition from other businesses at home or overseas which produce similar products, and whether or not our business would be able to remain profitable even with this competition. Identifying the competition is in
27、many respects the most important aspect of an external market analysis and, to be useful, it must be as objective as possible. Many marketers greatly overestimate or underestimate the competition that their business will face from other businesses, especially if they look at the competition from the
28、ir own standpoint rather than seeing it through the eyes of their customers. In other words, many people identify competitors by looking at apparently similar products, how they are made and what features they have, rather than at the benefits these products have for users and at ways of meeting mar
29、ket needs. With personal computers, for instance, this approach would mean assessing competitors on the basis of the type of microchip circuit used and the elegance of the software. A much more useful comparison would focus on the ability of the various computers to provide what the personal compute
30、r user wants: ease of use, flexibility and the ability to grow with the user. This way, we are much less likely to overlook competition from businesses that products which appear to be different from our own, hut which produce similar benefits for customers. When the internal analysis is taken toget
31、her with the external analysis, the result is an all-round picture of the current situation. This is usually known as a situation analysis or marketing audit. Developing this analysis requires a mass of information, which is the raw material for analysing market opportunities in order to identify th
32、e most promising. Possibly the most powerful, and certainly the most widely used, technique for structuring the analysis of the information is the SWOT analysis. This refers to Strengths of the organization, Weaknesses of the organization, Opportunities in the market place, and Threats to it (especi
33、ally competitive threats) in the market place. Strengths and weaknesses relate to the finding of the internal analysis, as seen from the viewpoint of the customer - things it or its product does better than the competition, and things it does less successfully. Opportunities relate to findings from
34、the analysis of the external environment. For instance, the trend among the educated middle classes in many countries to adopt “healthier“ eating patterns opens up demand for a wide range of health food products. The other side of this coin, however, is market threats: factors which inhibit demand f
35、or a businesss products. For example, for a manufacturer of highly processed convenience foods containing chemical additives, the trend towards more “natural“ eating is a marketing “threat“. It is important to remember that the attractiveness of a market depends largely on the strengths and weakness
36、es of the assessor. For this reason, an opportunity for one business may well constitute a threat to another. Similarly, the definition of any factor as a strength or a weakness depends largely on market conditions. The some organisational factor may constitute a strength in one market and a weaknes
37、s in another. 21 According to the writer, real opportunities for businesses are those which _. （ A） require no advertising （ B） require few resources （ C） match their capabilities （ D） exploit new technology 22 According to the passage, the age range of some businesses customers may be limited becau
38、se of _. （ A） social/cultural factors （ B） economic factors （ C） legal/political factors （ D） factors of state 23 According to the passage, new technologies are likely to influence _. （ A） the extent of competition （ B） peoples spending power （ C） attitudes to advertising （ D） the way people shop 23
39、 An invisible border divides those, arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few write on the subject: have explored this distinction - indeed, contradict
40、ion - which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the dark. An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to
41、raise everyones job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently asses how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himsel
42、f. But this was not always the case, before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age. It was widely acteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for
43、a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery out-look. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement. There are some good arguments for a
44、 technical education given the fight kind of student. Many European schools intro- duce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the profession they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs
45、 for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations. But, for a small
46、group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a life-ling acquaintance to pick up
47、 various software programs. If one wanted to be- come a computer engineer, that is of course, an entirely different computer skills are only complementary to the host of great skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course that no school, vocational
48、or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose. 24 The author thinks the present, rush to put computers in the classroom is _. （ A） far-reaching （ B） dubiously oriented （ C） self-contradictory （ D） radically reformatory 25 The belief that education is indispensable to all children _. （ A） is indi
49、cative of a pessimism in disguise （ B） came into being along with the arrival of computers （ C） is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates （ D） originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries 26 It could be inferred from the passage that in the authors country the European model of professional training is _ （ A） dependent upon the starting age of candidates （ B） worth trying in various social sections （ C） of little practical
