1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 742及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.
2、 When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 Observing Behavior People do observation in daily life context for safety or for proper behavior. However
3、, there are differences in daily-life observation and research observation. A. Differences daily life observation -casual -(1)_ (1)_ -dependence on memory research observation -(2)_ (2)_ -careful record keeping B. Ways to select samples in research time sampling -systematic: e.g. fixed intervals eve
4、ry hour -random: fixed intervals but (3)_ (3)_ Systematic sampling and random sampling are often used in combination. (4)_ (4)_ -definition: selection of different locations -reason: humans or animals behaviour (5)_across circumstances (5)_ -(6)_: more objective observations (6)_ C. Ways to record b
5、ehavior (7)_ (7) _ observation with intervention -participant observation: researcher as observer and participant -field experiment: researcher (8)_over conditions (8)_ observation without intervention -purpose; describing behaviour (9)_ (9)_ _(10)_: no intervention (10)_ -researcher: a passive reco
6、rder SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. No
7、w listen to the interview. 11 For most people who have sleeping troubles, which of the following is the most usual cause? （ A） Their room is not cozy. （ B） They are busy and occupied. （ C） They have chronic disease. （ D） They take a nap after lunch. 12 What is the advice Dr. Getsy gives those who st
8、ruggle with insomnia due to the health condition? （ A） Lying in bed as long as possible. （ B） Taking some sleeping pills to relax. （ C） Staying awake as long as they can. （ D） Scheduling when to be away or asleep. 13 People should stay away from caffeine after lunch because （ A） its effect may linge
9、r for almost 10 hours. （ B） it disturbs the way people feel in daytime. （ C） it accelerates heartbeat and respiration. （ D） they may want to take a catnap. 14 Which of the following is TRUE about taking a nap? （ A） Napping for 2 hours is better than for 40 minutes. （ B） It does not revive you if the
10、 nap lasts too long. （ C） You should never take a nap after lunch. （ D） The longer you sleep, the better you will feel. 15 Which of the following is NOT one of Dr. Getsys tips on fighting sleeping troubles? （ A） Create a comfortable sleeping environment. （ B） Prioritize sleep if you are haunted by s
11、leeplessness. （ C） Climb into bed early and lie awake to relax. （ D） Show perseverance and prepare for a long battle. SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you
12、 will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. 16 The likely cause of the increased rates of HIV/AIDS is the lack of_. （ A） access to often expensive anti-retroviral treatments （ B） effective communication in Asia-Pacific region （ C） international cooperation between countries （ D） education of
13、the harm of HIV/AIDS 17 According to Anupama Rao Singh, how many children can get HIV/AIDS treatment? （ A） 30% （ B） 44% （ C） 19% （ D） 0.25 17 Although it might have happened anywhere, my encounter with the green banana started on a steep mountain road in the interior of Brazil. My ancient jeep was s
14、training up through spectacular countryside when the radiator began to leak ten miles from the nearest mechanic. The over-heated engine forced me to stop at the next village, which consisted of a small store and a scattering of houses. People gathered to look. Three fine streams of hot water spouted
15、 from holes in the jacket of the radiator. “Thats easy to fix,“ a man said. He sent a boy running for some green bananas. He patted me on the shoulder, assuring me everything would work out. “Green bananas,“ he smiled. Everyone agreed. We exchanged pleasantries while I mulled over the ramifications
16、of the green banana. Asking questions would betray my ignorance, so I remarked on the beauty of the terrain. Huge rock formations, like Sugar Loaf in Rio, rose up all around us. “Do you see that tall one right over there?“ asked my benefactor, pointing to a particular tall, slender pinnacle of dark
17、rock. “That rock marks the center of the world.“ I looked to see if he was teasing me, but his face was serious. He in turn inspected me carefully to be sure I grasped the significance of his statement. The occasion demanded some show of recognition on my part. “The center of the world?“ I repeated,
18、 trying to convey interest if not complete acceptance. He nodded. “The absolute center. Everyone around here knows it.“ At that moment the boy returned with my green bananas. The man sliced one in half and pressed the cut end against the radiator jacket. The banana melted into a glue against the hot
19、 metal, plugging the leaks instantly. Everyone laughed at my astonishment. They refilled my radiator and gave me extra bananas to take along. An hour later, after one more application of green banana, my radiator and I reached our destination. The local mechanic smiled, “Who taught you about the gre
20、en banana?“ I named the village. “Did they show you the rock marking the center of the world?“ he asked. I assured him they had. “My grandfather came from there,“ he said. “The exact center. Everyone around here has always known about it.“ As a product of American higher education, I had never paid
21、the slightest attention to the green banana, except to regard it as a fruit whose time had not yet come. Suddenly oh that mountain road, its time and my need had converged. But as I reflected on it further, I realized that the green banana had been there all along. Its time reached back to the very
22、origins of the banana. The people in that village had known about it for years. My own time had come in relation to it. This chance encounter showed me the special genius of those people, and the special potential of the green banana. I had been wondering for some time about those episodes of clarit
23、y which educators like to call learning moments, and knew I had just experienced two of them at once. The importance of the rock marking the center of the world took a while to filter through. I had initially doubted their claim, knowing for a fact that the center was located somewhere in New Englan
24、d. After all my grandfather had come from there. But gradually I realized they had a valid belief, a universal concept, and I agreed with them. We tend to define the center as that special place where we are known, where we know others, where things mean much to us, and where we ourselves have both
25、identity and meaning: family, school, town, and local region. The lesson which gradually filtered through was the simple concept that every place has special meanings for the people in it; every place represents the center of the world. The number of such centers is incalculable, and no one student
26、or traveler can experience all of them, but once a conscious breakthrough to a second center is made, a life-long perspective and collection can begin. The cultures of the world are full of unexpected green bananas with special value and meaning. They have been there for ages, ripening slowly, perha
27、ps waiting patiently for people to come along to encounter them. In fact, a green banana is waiting for all of us who leave our own centers of the world in order to experience other places. 18 The word “mull“ in the second paragraph means_. （ A） warm （ B） dull （ C） ponder （ D） crumble 19 When the vi
28、llager refers to the dark rock as the “center of the world“_. （ A） he just wants to tease the author （ B） he is ignorant to think so （ C） he does not know the “center“ is in New England （ D） he, as well as people living there, believes in it seriously 20 In paragraph six, the word “product“ in the f
29、irst line refers to_. （ A） green banana （ B） fruit （ C） the author （ D） the villagers 21 It can be inferred from the passage that “learning moments“ happens when_. （ A） one finds another center of the world （ B） one begins to respect the existence of people outside oneself （ C） educators teach somet
30、hing in class （ D） one visits some far-away place 22 What is the main idea of the passage? （ A） Green bananas are very useful fruit. （ B） People living in small villages are usually very kind. （ C） People should go out to see the whole world very often. （ D） One should understand the world from diff
31、erent perspective. 一、 PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN) Directions: There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. 23 The Red Scare in 1919 and 1920 was a typical example of American_. （ A） religious intolerance （ B） intolerant nationalism （ C） Pr
32、ogressive Movement （ D） Deregulation of big trusts 24 When did the Australian Federation officially come into being? （ A） 1770. （ B） 1788. （ C） 1900. （ D） 1901. 25 The sentence “.government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth“ comes from_. （ A） the Emancipat
33、ion Proclamation （ B） The Declaration of Independence （ C） Gettysburg Address （ D） I Have a Dream 26 Which rules govern the combination of sounds in a particular language? （ A） Sequential rules. （ B） Assimilation rules. （ C） Deletion rules. （ D） Complementary rules. 27 The Australian National Day is
34、 chosen to commemorate （ A） the founding of the Commonwealth of Australia （ B） the first European settlement of the continent. （ C） the discovery of the continent. （ D） Captain James Cooks first voyage around Australia. 28 Which of the following might fail to associate you with London? （ A） Capital
35、of England. （ B） Big Ben. （ C） Golden Gate Bridge. （ D） Downing Street. 29 The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called （ A） pragmatics. （ B） semantics. （ C） sociolinguistics. （ D） psycholinguistics. 30 _ is advanced by Paul Grice. （ A）
36、 Cooperative Principle （ B） Politeness Principle （ C） The General Principle of Universal Grammar （ D） Adjacency Principle 31 The Scarlet Letter by Hawthorne is mainly concerned with _. （ A） the corruption of the society （ B） the consequence of sin and guilt （ C） the wrong doing of one generation tha
37、t lives into the successive ones （ D） overreaching intellect 32 Whitmans poems are characterized by all the following features EXCEPT_. （ A） the strict poetic form （ B） the free and natural rhythm （ C） the easy flow of feelings （ D） the simple and conversational language 二、 PART IV PROOFREADING that
38、 is to say, intervals between observation periods could vary, some longer, others shorter. One point Id like to make is, systematic and random time sampling are not always used in isolation. They are often combined in studies. For example, while observation intervals are scheduled systematically, ob
39、servations within an interval are made at random times. That means the researcher might decide to observe only during fifteen-second intervals, but randomly distributed within each twenty-minute period. Now lets come to situation sampling. Then what is situation sampling? It involves studying behavi
40、or in different locations and under different circumstances and conditions. By sampling as many different situations as possible, researchers can reduce the chance that their observation results will be particular to a certain set of circumstances and conditions. Why? Because people, or for that man
41、ner animals, do not behave in exactly the same way across all situations. For example, children do not always behave the same way with one parent as they do with the other parent, and animals do not behave the same way in zoos as they do in the wild. So by sampling different situations, a researcher
42、 can make more objective observations than he would in only a specific situation. Having discussed ways to sample behavior in research, we are now moving on to another issue, that is, what researcher should do to record behavior as it occurs, that is, whether researchers are active or passive in rec
43、ording behavior. This refers to the methods of observation. Observational methods can be classified as observation with intervention, or observation without intervention. Observation with intervention can be made in at least two ways participant observation and field experiment. In participant obser
44、vation observers, that is researchers, play a dual role. They observe peoples behavior and they participate actively in the situation they are observing. If individuals who are being observed know that the observer is present to collect information about their behavior, this is undisguised participa
45、nt observation. But in disguised participant observation, those who are being observed do not know that they are being observed. Another method of observation with intervention is field experiment. What is a field experiment? When an observer controls one or more conditions in a natural setting, in
46、order to determine theyve effect on behavior, this procedure is called field experiment. The field experiment represents the most extreme form of intervention in observational methods. The essential difference between field experiments and other observational methods is that researchers have more co
47、ntrol in field experiments. Now lets take a look at observation without intervention. Observation without intervention is also called naturalistic observation, because its main purposes to describe behavior as it normally occurs, that is, in a natural setting, without any attempt by the observer to
48、intervene. An observer using this method of observation acts as a passive recorder of what occurs. The events occur naturally and are not controlled by the observer. OK, in todays lecture we have focused on how to make decisions of sampling before beginning our observation, and what we can do during observation. I hope what weve discussed will help you in your future research design. 1 【正确答案】 rare formal records/rare record keeping 【试题解析】 本题涉及 daily life observation的特点。讲座中提到，平时人们观察时很随意，不会留心一些可能会影响到观察结果的因素，也很少严格地作记录。因此。此处应该填 rare formal records与下面
