1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 840及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you
2、 fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 Question and Answer Choice Order This lecture is a part of a series of lectures on survey designing. We tend to talk about the way
3、s to determine the question and answer choice order, contributing to a successful questionnaire. I . Two Broad Issues A. How the order can encourage people to【 T1】 _the survey.【 T1】 _ B. How the order could affect the【 T2】 _of the survey.【 T2】 _ II. Solutions to the First Issue A. question order lis
4、ting the questions from easy to difficult can build【 T3】 _【 T3】 _ grouping together questions on the same topic leaving difficult or【 T4】 _questions until near the end【 T4】 _ B. answer choice order using the【 T5】 _order【 T5】 _ presenting agree-disagree choices positive to negative and【 T6】 _to poor
5、scales【 T6】 _ numeric rating scales:【 T7】 _should mean more agreeing answers【 T7】_ III. Solutions to the Second Issue A. something【 T8】 _mentioned【 T8】 _ solutions: randomize the order of related questions or separating related questions with【 T9】 _ones【 T9】 _ B. 【 T10】 _【 T10】 _ solutions: a. use g
6、ood softwares to list questions in a random order b. ask a short series of【 T11】 _at a point【 T11】 _ c. change the “positive“ answer by【 T12】 _some questions【 T12】 _ C. answer choice order solutions: a. If answer choices have【 T13】 _, use that order.【 T13】 _ b. If questions are about【 T14】 _or recal
7、l or with long answer choices,【 T14】_ use software to list them in a random order. IV. Conclusion 【 T15】 _: keep the questionnaire as short as possible【 T15】 _ If a question is not necessary, do not include it. 1 【 T1】 2 【 T2】 3 【 T3】 4 【 T4】 5 【 T5】 6 【 T6】 7 【 T7】 8 【 T8】 9 【 T9】 10 【 T10】 11 【 T1
8、1】 12 【 T12】 13 【 T13】 14 【 T14】 15 【 T15】 SECTION B INTERVIEW In this section you will hear ONE interview. The interview will be divided into TWO parts. At the end of each part, five questions will be asked about what was said. Both the interview and the questions will be spoken ONCE ONLY. After ea
9、ch question there will be a ten-second pause. During the pause, you should read the four choices of A , B , C and D , and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the questions. （ A） It has a record high. （ B） It has reached 73 percent. （ C） It ha
10、s decreased by 1 percent. （ D） It has increased by 6 percent. （ A） He is the reporter of Americas Promise Alliance. （ B） He is the president and CEO of Civic Enterprises. （ C） He is the leading author of todays report. （ D） He is an adviser to the Department of Education. （ A） Half of their students
11、 leave school before graduation. （ B） Half of their students go to factories after graduation. （ C） The local factories support them financially. （ D） All the students will work in factories after graduation. （ A） The loss of interest in study. （ B） The gap between learning and practice. （ C） The hi
12、gh tuition for schooling. （ D） The limited number of learning communities. （ A） They have different graduation rates. （ B） They graduate at different ages. （ C） They differ a lot in educational background. （ D） They have gaps in many aspects. （ A） Students have increased their awareness. （ B） Studen
13、ts become more engaged in study. （ C） Schools dismissed students with poor performance. （ D） Schools can predict the early warning indicators. （ A） It cuts out the routine courses. （ B） It reduces the course load for students. （ C） It pays much attention to practical skills. （ D） It attaches more im
14、portance to knowledge. （ A） They made a civic Marshall Plan. （ B） They assembled a group of various parties. （ C） They increased the awareness of students. （ D） They gave support to those dropouts. （ A） There are more rigorous courses to take. （ B） There are more exit exams to pass. （ C） The number
15、of schools and districts is rising. （ D） The quality of education improves. （ A） It has not only improved the graduation rates, but the education quality. （ B） It has got the support from anywhere in the country since 2006. （ C） It will usher in an era of learning and accountability across the count
16、ry. （ D） It will make students graduate from high school more easily. SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS In this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A , B, C and D. Choose the o
17、ne that you think is the best answer. 25 Can eating a cheeseburger be considered an act of war? Yes, but only if you understand the delicate and intricate relationship of the many living creatures on Earth. Consider first the place humans occupy in the food chain. We think of ourselves as being on t
18、op, right? We are not, generally speaking, hunted and consumed by other animals and being humans, we like to think were king of the hill, A-number-one. But according to a new study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Homo sapiens(AH)are at roughly the same level
19、 as pigs and anchovies. If its any consolation, the report says our species is moving up in the rankingsbut that could be seriously bad news for the planet. Biologists dont really like the term food chain anymore. Chains are linear, while nature is multidimensional , to say the least. Instead they s
20、peak of food webs, often with vast numbers of different trophic(营养的 )levels shared by different organisms, like neighbors in a New York high-rise. The living things that used to occupy the bottom of the food chainalgae and multicellular plantsare now said to inhabit “ trophic level 1. “ They are aut
21、otrophs, manufacturing their own food through photosynthesis. Trophic level 2 consists of rabbits and other basic herbivores, which get their energy by eating plants. Simple, right? From there, however, the trophic numbers get complicated. Many species subsist(维持生活 )on mixed diets of animal and vege
22、table protein. Take foxes: If they ate nothing but rabbits, you could call them level 3. Unfortunately, they also eat fruit, so their trophic score might be less than a full 3. At the same time, some animals prey on other predators. You might be tempted to call them “trophic level 4“ and be done wit
23、h itbut again, take foxes. Besides eating fruit and herbivores, they also catch and consume level-3 animals like moles and other insectivores. So how do scientists even begin to crunch the foxs trophic numbers? First they need an army of graduate students and a calculator with plenty of decimal plac
24、es. Field zoologists are a tough and determined breed. Species by species, they are mapping the global food web, all the way up to the “ apex predators“ at trophic level 5(or higher, depending on whos keeping score)tigers, killer whales, and the likewhat everyone once called the top of the food chai
25、n. Science had never settled on a trophic level for humansuntil now. Its not easy to quantify the eating habits of the most diverse, widespread, and omnivorous species of all. But the newly published study, led by fisheries scientist Sylvain Bonhommeau of the French Research Institute for Exploitati
26、on of the Sea, attempts to change that. Using the most recent data from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Bonhommeau and his team have estimated that as of 2009, humanitys worldwide median trophic level was approximately 2.21“closer to a herbivore than a carnivore,“ as Bonhommeau
27、 told Nature. “It changes the preconception of being top predator. “ The worrisome part is what else they discovered: Our global population is growing more and more carnivorous, and that trend threatens to send us off an environmental precipice. Humanitys meat market has more than quadrupled since 1
28、961, from about 70 million tons back then to almost 300 million tons in 2010, according to the FAO. Much of that increase has come from India and China. Those two countries, accounting for about a third of the worlds total population, once relied mostly on rice and vegetables to feed their people. N
29、ow their booming economies are enabling them to buy meat, and vast tracts of Amazon rainforest are being clear-cut to satisfy the unprecedented demand for corn and soybeans as animal feed. And thats not all that humanitys appetite for meat is doing to the world. The livestock industry accounts for s
30、ome 18 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, according to a 2006 FAO study. Then theres the grain and water it takes to raise cattle. NPR ran the numbers and found that it takes 6.7 pounds of grain and forage and 52.8 gallons of water to produce a single quarter-pound ground-beef pattyhold the
31、 pickle, the lettuce and the bun. And Americans are in no position to wag a finger. Despite the incessant claims on talk shows that theyre eating healthier these days, Americans remain among the most voraciously(贪婪地 )carnivorous people on the planet, devouring 270. 7 pounds of meat a year per capita
32、. Thats way more than double the world average of 102.5 pounds. Its worth remembering that were all part of the food web. If it were a chain, humans might be able to keep up our predatory ways with impunity(不受损失 ). But in a web, what goes around is likely to come around. 26 If our global population
33、becomes more carnivorous, humans will face all the following threats EXCEPT that_. （ A） large acres of woods will be cut down （ B） the number of livestock will decrease （ C） enormous resources will be consumed （ D） more green house gases will be emitted 27 The author implies in the tenth paragraph t
34、hat_. （ A） Americans cant wag their fingers because carnivorous diet is unhealthy for the bones （ B） Americans dont have the right to criticize other nations unhealthy eating habit （ C） Americans should account for the largest portion of green house gas emission （ D） Americans prefer to eat meat bec
35、ause they believe that meat has more nutrition 28 In the last paragraph, “what goes around is likely to come around“ means that_. （ A） animal predators who go away will come back to prey on humans （ B） different species will be connected in a multidimensional food web （ C） humans carnivorous eating
36、habit will change back to be herbivorous （ D） the damages humans do to the planet will bring troubles to humans 28 Complaints and lawsuits cannot solve the problem of overregulation, only ideas can, but for an industry built on ideas for success, Wall Street seems surprisingly short of creativity. B
37、roadly speaking, Wall Street exists for three reasons: 1)to provide a reliable system for the interchange of money: 2)to provide financial advice and capital for businesses, and: 3)to generate wealth for investors: and in serving these needs, Wall Street trade performs a valuable function for societ
38、y. But there is also another reason for its existence, and that is to enrich the banking community itself, and in the case of our biggest banks, much of that wealth comes from the creation, sale, and trading of complex financial instruments called derivatives. The sheer size of the derivatives marke
39、t, estimated at $ 630 trillion dollars, and its inherent volatility offer opportunities for huge profit-making, but unfortunately also contain the potential for causing chaos throughout the economy, as we saw in 2008. In that case, subprime mortgage-backed securities and insurance policies on those
40、securities(credit default swaps)combined to form a financial Molotov cocktail(燃烧弹 ), leading to bets being made on the same assets multiple times(thereby worsening the impact of defaults on the underlying mortgages), wiping out many billions of dollars in wealth, and ultimately bringing the entire e
41、conomy down. In the wake of that disaster, it is not unreasonable for the Commodity Futures Trading Commission(CFTC)to regulate the derivatives market closely, and to expect U. S. firms to follow roughly the same rules internationally as they do stateside, since cross-border transactions can impact
42、our markets in much the same way that domestic ones do. But now three Wall Street trade groups have filed a lawsuit against the CFTC over some of these rules, and a bruising battle between Wall Street and the U. S. government seems imminent. Their specific complaintthat the CFTC issued new rules wit
43、hout soliciting(征求 )public input by simply tacking them onto existing ones, has validity, but in trying to battle overregulation in this manner, Wall Street is making a mistakeespecially when there is a better way. It is important for the banking community to recognize two things. First, after the f
44、inancial crisis, with Dodd-Frank now a reality, and with new asset bubbles forming in our economy again(for example, in the car loans business), it is virtually impossible that the financial arena will escape stricter regulation. Second, the reason that the government has to regulate the markets is
45、because Wall Street has been unable to police itself, with the LIBOR scandal, the London Whale losses at JPMorgan Chase, and other transgressions(违反 )belying any lip service that the industry might give to the public. Since Wall Streets primary objection in its lawsuit is that the CFTC issued new ru
46、les without public input, it would be better served advancing its own ideas publicly on what those rules should be rather than simply opposing whatever the CFTC does. So far Wall Street has been scathingly critical of Dodd-Frank, the Volcker Rule, and now the CFTCs rules governing international deri
47、vatives transactions, but has failed to advance any constructive ideas of its own on how to regulate the financial markets in a way that protects the economy from Wall Street irresponsibility but does not impose an unreasonable burden on the industry. It is true that banking lobbies have been workin
48、g behind the scenes to reshape Dodd-Frank even as it rolls out, but those efforts are mostly directed at weakening the law and not at solving the bigger problem. Government bureaucrats may not be the best qualified to determine the right regulatory framework for the banking industry, but so far they
49、 are the only ones who have tried, and so Wall Street has no one to blame but itself for the regulations that it is now facing. Smart bankers could very likely craft more pragmatic rules but only if they show up to do so. What Wall Street needs to do now is to accept the new regulatory reality that it faces, come up with creative solutions to reassure the
