1、专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 151及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s)
2、 you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 Subfields of Linguistics The overlapping interests between the field of linguistics and other disciplines create several【 T1】
3、_of linguistics.【 T1】 _ I. Sociolinguistics Focusing on patterns and【 T2】 _in language within a society or【 T2】 _ community Examining the way people use language to【 T3】 _in society and to【 T3】_ achieve【 T4】 _【 T4】 _ II.【 T5】 _【 T5】 _ Studying language processing and its interaction with【 T6】 _menta
4、l【 T6】_ processes, for instance, studies of childrens language acquisition and SLA III. Computational Linguistics Using computers in analyzing languages, stylistic studies and【 T7】 _,【 T7】_ bringing forth machine translation systems and machines that【 T8】 _and【 T8】_ produce speech and text IV.【 T9】
5、_【 T9】 _ Employing linguistic theory and methods to improve SLA【 T10】 _,【 T10】_ especially focusing on motivation,【 T11】 _, learning style and personality【 T11】 _ V.【 T12】 _Linguistics【 T12】 _ Examining the relationship between a culture and its language, the way cultures and languages have【 T13】 _o
6、ver time【 T13】 _ VI. Philosophical Linguistics Examining the philosophy of language, with one major concern to analyze the【 T14】 _of possible word order combinations【 T14】 _ VII. Neurolinguistics Studying how language is【 T15】 _and represented in the brain【 T15】 _ 1 【 T1】 2 【 T2】 3 【 T3】 4 【 T4】 5 【
7、 T5】 6 【 T6】 7 【 T7】 8 【 T8】 9 【 T9】 10 【 T10】 11 【 T11】 12 【 T12】 13 【 T13】 14 【 T14】 15 【 T15】 15 Euphemism I. Overall Introduction of Euphemism A. The word of euphemism(from Greek) Prefix “eu-“ : good, well Root “-phem“ :【 T1】 _【 T1】 _ Suffix “-ism“ : noun 【 T2】 _to speak with good words or in a
8、pleasant manner【 T2】 _ Earliest time of use in record: the 11th century BC B. The origin of euphemism:【 T3】 _【 T3】 _ The function of euphemism: mild,roundabout words instead of coarse, offensive or painful ones C. The【 T4】 _of euphemism(two most commonly used):【 T4】 _ Mild or vague or roundabout exp
9、ression for harsh or blunt or direct one Polite,tactful or less【 T5】 _term to avoid the direct naming of an【 T5】_ unpleasant painful or frightening reality D. Classification of euphemism 1)Type one(by Hugh Rawson from the angle of【 T6】 _):【 T6】 _ i. the positive:【 T7】 _ones【 T7】 _ inflating and magn
10、ifying the word meaning, making the euphemized seem grander and more important than they really are ii. the negative:【 T8】 _ones【 T8】 _ deflating and diminishing the word meaning, being defensive in nature offsetting the power of tabooed terms and eradicating everything that people prefer not to dea
11、l with directly 2)Type two: unconscious ones & conscious ones i. Angle of classification: whether people remember their original【 T9】 _or not【 T9】 _ ii. Example: indisposition the original meaning: incapacity to deal with something its euphemistic meaning: slight illness or ill health II. Different
12、uses of euphemism in【 T10】 _【 T10】 _ A. Definition of “culture“: the entire way of society(customs, traditions, social habits,values,beliefs and language) B. Uses of euphemism related to different aspects of culture 1)Euphemisms related to names i. Chinese culture: emphasis on names example:【 T11】 _
13、s name is forbidden to be called【 T11】 _ ii. British and American culture: few emphasis on names example: parents name being called directly children having the same name with their parents 2)Euphemisms related to excretions i. English culture: having variety of euphemisms example: original words: g
14、o to the toilet, go to stool euphemistic words: to【 T12】 _,to freshen up,to pick a daisy,【 T12】 _ to relieve or to relieve nature,get some fresh air etc. 3)Euphemisms related to death Function: to respect the dead, to memorize them, to praise them, to avoid using the dreadful word 4)Euphemisms relat
15、ed to old age Chinese: being【 T13】 _of being old, few euphemisms【 T13】 _ American: being afraid of being old, a lot of euphemisms 5)Euphemisms related to fatness English: derogatory euphemistic phrases: weight-watcher, heavyset, and on【 T14】 _【 T14】 _ Chinese: commendatory III. Conclusion the grease
16、 of language, and the【 T15】 _of social culture【 T15】 _ 16 【 T1】 17 【 T2】 18 【 T3】 19 【 T4】 20 【 T5】 21 【 T6】 22 【 T7】 23 【 T8】 24 【 T9】 25 【 T10】 26 【 T11】 27 【 T12】 28 【 T13】 29 【 T14】 30 【 T15】 专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 151答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will he
17、ar the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for not
18、e-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 【听力原文】 Subfields of Linguistics Good morning, well continue our talk on linguistics. Last time we have got a general concept about linguistics. The scientific study of language is concerned with as well as the two main branches of
19、linguistics: descriptive linguistics and comparative linguistics. With these as workout, todays focus is on the subfields of linguistics. As we know, the field of linguistics both borrows from and lends its own theories and methods to other disciplines. Many subfields of linguistics have expanded ou
20、r understanding of languages. Linguistic theories and methods are also used in other fields of study.(1)These overlapping interests have led to the creation of several cross-disciplinary fields, namely sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, applied linguistics, anthropologic
21、al linguistics, philosophical linguistics and neurolinguistics. Lets start with sociolinguistics.(2)Sociolinguistics is the study of patterns and variations in language within a society or community. It focuses on the way people use language to express social class, group status, gender, or ethnicit
22、y, and it looks at how they make choices about the form of language they use.(3/4)It also examines the way people use language to negotiate their roles in society and to achieve positions of power. For example, sociolinguistic studies have found that the way a New Yorker pronounces the phoneme /r/ i
23、n an expression such as “fourth floor“ can indicate the persons social class. According to one study, people aspiring to move from the lower middle class to the upper middle class attach prestige to pronouncing the /r/. Sometimes they even overcorrect their speech, pronouncing an /r/ where those who
24、m they wish to copy may not. Some sociolinguists believe that analyzing such variables as the use of a particular phoneme can predict the direction of language change. Change, they say, moves toward the variable associated with power, prestige, or other quality having high social value. Other sociol
25、inguists focus on what happens when speakers of different languages interact. This approach to language change emphasizes the way languages mix rather than the direction of change within a community. The goal of sociolinguistics is to understand communicative competence what people need to know to u
26、se the appropriate language for a given social setting. (5)Next comes psycholinguistics, which merges the fields of psychology and(6)linguistics to study how people process language and how language use is related to underlying mental processes. Studies of childrens language acquisition and of secon
27、d-language acquisition are psycholinguistic in nature. Psycholinguists work to develop models for how language is processed and understood, using evidence from studies of what happens when these processes go awry. Thirdly, computational linguistics. Computational linguistics involves the use of comp
28、uters to compile linguistic data, analyze languages, translate from one language to another, and develop and test models of language processing. Linguists use computers and large samples of actual language to analyze the relatedness and the structure of languages and to look for patterns and similar
29、ities.(7)Computers also aid in stylistic studies, information retrieval, various forms of textual analysis, and the construction of dictionaries and concordances.(8)Applying computers to language studies has resulted in machine translation systems and machines that recognize and produce speech and t
30、ext. Such machines facilitate communication with humans, including those who are perceptually or linguistically impaired. (9)The fourth subfield is called applied linguistics.(10)Applied linguistics employs linguistic theory and methods to improve overall efficacy in teaching and learning a second l
31、anguage. Linguists look at the errors people make as they learn another language and at their strategies for communicating in the new language at different degrees of competence.(11)In seeking to understand what happens in the mind of the learner, applied linguists recognize that motivation, attitud
32、e, learning style, and personality affect how well a person learns another language. (12)The fifth is anthropological linguistics. It is also known as linguistic anthropology, which uses linguistic approaches to analyze culture.(13)Anthropological linguists examine the relationship between a culture
33、 and its language, the way cultures and languages have changed over time, and how different cultures and languages are related to one another. For example, the present English use of family and given names arose in the late 13 th and early 14 th centuries when the laws concerning registration, tenur
34、e, and inheritance of property were changed. Coming up next is philosophical linguistics. Philosophical linguistics examines the philosophy of language. Philosophers of language search for the grammatical principles and tendencies that all human languages share.(14)Among the concerns of linguistic p
35、hilosophers is the range of possible word order combinations throughout the world. One finding is that 95 percent of the worlds languages use a subject-verb-object(SVO)order as English does(“She pushed the table. “). Only 5 percent use a subject-object-verb(SOV)order or verb-subject-object(VSO)order
36、. Finally, lets refer to the neurolinguistics.(15)Neurolinguistics is the study of how language is processed and represented in the brain. Neurolinguists seek to identify the parts of the brain involved with the production and understanding of language and to determine where the components of langua
37、ge(phonemes, morphemes, and structure or syntax)are stored. In doing so, they make use of techniques for analyzing the structure of the brain and the effects of brain damage on language. With that, we come to the end of todays lecture. Hopefully you have all got a clear idea of these subfields of li
38、nguistics, including their different focuses and functions. Next time well specifically target at applied linguistics and find out how this branch benefits SLA learners. Thank you for your attention. 【知识模块】 讲座 1 【正确答案】 cross-disciplinary fields 【试题解析】 本题考查重要细节。根据句 (1)These overdapping interests have
39、 led to the creation of several cross-disciplinary fields 可知，多种学科的重叠部分造成了多种跨学科领域的出现，所以本题答案为 cross-disciplinary fields。 【知识模块】 讲座 2 【正确答案】 variations 【试题解析】 本题设题点在定义解释处。演讲的主题是语言学的分支，演讲者首先谈论了社会语言学，根据句 (1)可知，社会语言学研究某一社会或团体中语言的模式和变异，故空白处应填 variations。 【知识模块】 讲座 3 【正确答案】 negotiate their roles 【试题解析】 本题考查
40、重要细节。根据句 (3)It also examines the way people use language to negotiate their roles in society 可 知，社会语言学研究人们如何运用语言来演绎他们在社会中的角色，因此本题答案为 negotiate their roles。 【知识模块】 讲座 4 【正确答案】 positions of power 【试题解析】 本题设题点在递进关系处。根据句 (4)可知，社会语言学研究人们如何运用语言来演绎他们在社会中的角色并实现他们的权力地位，故答案为positions of power。 【知识模块】 讲座 5 【正确
41、答案】 Psycholinguistics 【试题解析】 本题考点设在分论 点处。根据句 (5)Next comes psycholinguistics可知，演讲者讨论的语言学的第二个分支是心理语言学，因此本题答案为Psycholinguistics，注意该空位于句首，首字母须大写。 【知识模块】 讲座 6 【正确答案】 underlying 【试题解析】 本题设题点在定义解释处。演讲者指出心理语言学将心理学和语言学结合在一起，根据句 (6)可知，心理语言学研究个体如何运用语言以及语言的使用如何与潜在的心理过程联系起来，故答案为 underlying。 【知识模块 】 讲座 7 【正确答案】
42、information retrieval 【试题解析】 本题设题点在列举处。根据句 (7)可知，计算机语言学利用计算机协助文体研究、信息检索、不同形式的文本分析、词典及索引编制等，故空白处应填 information retrieval。 【知识模块】 讲座 8 【正确答案】 recognize distinguish 【试题解析】 本题设题点在定语从句处。根据句 (8)可知，计算机在语言研究上的应用使得机器翻译系统以及能识别并生成语音和文本的机器应运而生， 故答案为 recognize或其同义词 distinguish。 【知识模块】 讲座 9 【正确答案】 Applied Linguis
43、tics 【试题解析】 本题考点设在分论点处。根据句 (9)可知，演讲者讨论的第四个语言学分支是应用语言学，因此本题答案为 Applied Linguistics，此外根据语境每个词首字母均须大写。 【知识模块】 讲座 10 【正确答案】 efficacy 【试题解析】 本题设题点在定义解释处。根据句 (10)可知，应用语言学运用语言学理论与方法来提高第 二语言习得的整体效率，故答案为 efficacy。 【知识模块】 讲座 11 【正确答案】 attitude 【试题解析】 本题设题点在列举处。根据句 (11)可知，应用语言学通过识别学习者的动机、态度、学习风格以及其个性对语言学习的影响，从
44、而弄清楚学习者的思想状态，故空白处应填入 attitude。 【知识模块】 讲座 12 【正确答案】 Anthropological 【试题解析】 本题设题点在分论点处。根据句 (12)可知，演讲者讨论的语言学的第五个分支是人类语言学，故答案为 Anthropological。注意此处首字母要大写。 【知识模块】 讲座 13 【正确答案】 changed 【试题解析】 本题考查重要细节。根据句 (13)可知，人类语言学家主要研究文化与语言的关系以及文化与语言随着时间不断变化的方式等，因此本题答案为changed。 【知识模块】 讲座 14 【正确答案】 range 【试题解析】 本题考查重要细
45、节。演讲者谈论的第六个分支是 philosophical linguistics，即哲学语言学，根据句 (14)可知，语言哲学家关注的 是世界上可能存在的语序组合范围，故答案为 range。 【知识模块】 讲座 15 【正确答案】 processed 【试题解析】 本题设题点在定义解释处。演讲者谈论的最后一个分支是neurolinguistics，即神经语言学，根据句 (15)可知，神经语言学研究语言是如何被处理并呈现在大脑中的，故答案为 processed。 【知识模块】 讲座 15 【听力原文】 Euphemism Good morning, boys and girls. In toda
46、ys lecture, we will focus on euphemism. The word euphemism comes from Greek, “ eu-“ means “ good“ or “ well“ ,(1)the root “-phem“ means “speech“, and “-ism“ is a noun suffix.(2)It means literally “ speaking with good words or in a pleasant manner“. The record use of euphemism is found until the elev
47、enth century BC. As one form of language, euphemism is a common phenomenon. It is widely used in human society. Euphemism can reduce sensitivity and irritation of expression. People use it to substitute indirect word or phrase. Euphemism also reflects some cultural differences. People in different l
48、anguage groups use different ways to express euphemism. First, We will have a look at the origin of euphemism. (3)Euphemism originates from verbal taboo, which originates from religion superstition, reflecting the importance of social psychology. Almost every culture has its own taboo. People dare not call something by name directly because of the psychology of fear. So people work out indirect terms to replace them. The euphemisms come into being. People feel they are f
