1、专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 193及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s)
2、 you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 Language Despite the fact that many definitions of language have been proposed, succinct definitions of language usually bring
3、 various questions. To understand the notion of language better, there are several aspects that should be taken into consideration. I. Vocal communication in childhood Composition of the system of vocal communication Functions of the system of vocal communication: A.【 T1】 _【 T1】 _ B. Express feeling
4、s and emotions C. Influence the activities of others D.【 T2】 _ oneself with friendliness or hostility【 T2】 _ II. Different systems of vocal communication constitute different languages Hard to define the【 T3】 _ between languages【 T3】 _ Different languages - people do not understand each other withou
5、t【 T4】 _ by both parties【 T4】 _ 【 T5】 _【 T5】 _ - different systems of communication that may impede but do not prevent mutual comprehension Idiolect - the【 T6】 _ of a single person【 T6】 _ III. Acquisition of languages 【 T7】 _: spoken by ones parents or by those【 T7】 _ with whom they are brought up f
6、rom infancy Second Language: learned to different degrees of competence under various conditions Bilingualism: Completely【 T8】 _ two languages【 T8】 _ A. Raised by parents speaking different languages at home B. Raised within【 T9】 _【 T9】 _ IV. Language is species-specific to human beings Animals comm
7、unicate through【 T10】 _ or else【 T10】 _ Human language is infinitely【 T11】 _ and creative【 T11】 _ V.【 T12】 _ of language【 T12】 _ Facilitate communication Express a national or local【 T13】 _【 T13】 _ 【 T14】 _ function of language: puns, riddles, and crossword puzzles【 T14】_ Functions in imaginative or
8、 symbolic contexts: poetry, drama, and religion VI. Language and its relation to society Language is a working system of communication in a certain【 T15】 _【 T15】 _ The product of history and source of its future development 1 【 T1】 2 【 T2】 3 【 T3】 4 【 T4】 5 【 T5】 6 【 T6】 7 【 T7】 8 【 T8】 9 【 T9】 10 【
9、 T10】 11 【 T11】 12 【 T12】 13 【 T13】 14 【 T14】 15 【 T15】 15 English as a Global Language I. English is a global language Its widely used in economic, political, and scientific fields, and in【 T1】 _【 T1】 _ English as a global language is bad news for【 T2】 _【 T2】 _ - Writers will write in English to re
10、ach a(n)【 T3】 _【 T3】 _ II. The positive impacts of English as a global language In【 T4】 _ area: a medium of communication【 T4】 _ In【 T5】 _: a language commonly used in lecture-rooms【 T5】 _ or lecture-conferences In English Language Teaching: English-speaking countries【 T6】 _【 T6】_ from the spread of
11、 English III. The negative impacts of English as a global language Inequality in language and【 T7】 _【 T7】 _ - e.g.: classroom a Students who dont speak fluent English tend to be【 T8】 _【 T8】 _ b. Students who speak fluent English tend to【 T9】 _【 T9】 _ Social inequality - International conference: Eng
12、lish speaking people are usually【 T10】 _【 T10】 _ Linguistic power - Native English speakers will be more【 T11】 _【 T11】 _ than non-native English speakers - Native speakers have a(n)【 T12】 _【 T12】 _ Linguistic【 T13】 _【 T13】 _ - English speakers are less【 T14】 _to learn other languages【 T14】 _ and cul
13、tures Linguistic death - The existence of a global language may lead to【 T15】 _【 T15】 _ and the death of other languages 16 【 T1】 17 【 T2】 18 【 T3】 19 【 T4】 20 【 T5】 21 【 T6】 22 【 T7】 23 【 T8】 24 【 T9】 25 【 T10】 26 【 T11】 27 【 T12】 28 【 T13】 29 【 T14】 30 【 T15】 专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 193答案与解析 SECTION A MINI
14、-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammaticall
15、y and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 【听力原文】 Language Good morning, everyone. Today we will begin the lecture “series of language and linguistics with the discussion of language“. Many definitions of lan
16、guage have been proposed. Henry Sweet, an English phonetician and language scholar, stated: “Language is the expression of ideas by means of speech-sounds combined into words. Words are combined into sentences, this combination answering to that of ideas into thoughts.“ The American linguists Bernar
17、d Bloch and George L Trager formulated the following definition: “A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates.“ Any succinct definition of language makes a number of presuppositions and begs a number of questions. The first, for example, puts excessi
18、ve weight on “thought,“ and the second uses “arbitrary“ in a specialized, though legitimate, way. Now, I am going to give you several take-away messages, so that you will have a basic understanding of language. A number of considerations enter into a proper understanding of language as a subject: Fi
19、rst of all, every physiologically and mentally normal person acquires in childhood the ability to make use, as both speaker and hearer, of a system of vocal communication that comprises a circumscribed set of noises resulting from movements of certain organs within the throat and mouth.1By means of
20、these noises, people are able to impart information, to express feelings and emotions, to influence the activities of others,2and to comport themselves with varying degrees of friendliness or hostility toward persons who make use of substantially the same set of noises. 3Secondly, different systems
21、of vocal communication constitute different languages; the degree of difference needed to establish a different language cannot be stated exactly. No two people speak exactly alike; hence, one is able to recognize the voices of friends over the telephone and to keep distinct a number of unseen speak
22、ers in a radio broadcast. Yet, clearly, no one would say that they speak different languages.4Generally, systems of vocal communication are recognized as different languages if they cannot be understood without specific learning by both parties, though the precise limits of mutual intelligibility ar
23、e hard to draw and belong on a scale rather than on either side of a definite dividing line.5Substantially different systems of communication that may impede but do not prevent mutual comprehension are called dialects of a language.6In order to describe in detail the actual different speech patterns
24、 of individuals, the term idiolect, meaning the speech habits of a single person, has been coined. 7Next in order, normally, people acquire a single language initially their first language, or mother tongue, the language spoken by their parents or by those with whom they are brought up from infancy.
25、 Subsequent “second“ languages are learned to different degrees of competence under various conditions.8Complete mastery of two languages is designated as bilingualism;9in many cases such as upbringing by parents speaking different languages at home or being raised within a multilingual community sp
26、eakers grow up as bilin-guals. In traditionally monolingual cultures, such as those of Britain and the United States, the learning, to any extent, of a second or other language is an activity superimposed on the prior mastery of ones first language and is a different process intellectually. Fourthly
27、, language, as described above, is species-specific to human beings.10Other members of the animal kingdom have the ability to communicate, through vocal noises or by other means,11but the most important single feature characterizing human language, against every known mode of animal communication, i
28、s its infinite productivity and creativity. Human beings are unrestricted in what they can talk about; no area of experience is accepted as necessarily incommunicable, though it may be necessary to adapt ones language in order to cope with new discoveries or new modes of thought. OK My fifth point i
29、s that in most accounts, the primary purpose of language is to facilitate communication, in the sense of transmission of information from one person to another.12However, sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic studies have drawn attention to a range of other functions for language.13Among these is the
30、 use of language to express a national or local identity, a common source of conflict in situations of multi-ethnicity around the world, such as in Belgium, India, and Quebec.14Also important are the playful function of language encountered in such phenomena as puns, riddles, and crossword puzzles a
31、nd the range of functions seen in imaginative or symbolic contexts, such as poetry, drama, and religious expression. Finally, language interacts with every aspect of human life in society, and it can be understood only if it is considered in relation to society. This lecture series attempts to surve
32、y language, both spoken and written, in this light and to consider its various functions and the purposes it can and has been made to serve.15Because each language is both a working system of communication in the period and in the community wherein it is used and also the product of its history and
33、the source of its future development, any account of language must consider it from both these points of view. All right. I think I have covered the key aspects of language. As language is so interesting and yet mysterious, we feel obligated to study it. Thats why we have linguistics. The science of
34、 language is known as linguistics. It includes what are generally distinguished as descriptive linguistics and histor-ical linguistics. linguistics is now a highly technical subject; it embraces, both descriptively and historically, such major divisions as phonetics, grammar, including syntax and mo
35、rphology, semantics, and pragmatics, dealing with these various aspects of language. But I am not going to go into the details of these concepts, because these will be the main points of the next lecture. See you next time. 【知识模块】 听力填空 1 【正确答案】 Impart information Convey messages 【试题解析】 人类在幼儿时期就学会了用声
36、音进行交流。人们通过不同的声音来传达信息，表达情感，影响他人的行为，并通过语言表现自我。故填 Impart information或 Convey messages。 【知识模块】 听力填空 2 【正确答案】 Comport 【试题解析】 语音交流其实是发声器官在一定范围内的运动，而这些声音可以实现几种功能，其中包括展示自己的态度，比如表现不同程度的友善或敌对。本题可 以直接填录音原词 Comport。 【知识模块】 听力填空 3 【正确答案】 degree of differences 【试题解析】 不同的语音交流系统构成了不同的语言，而语音交流系统之间的差异到达什么程度才能使它们成为两种不
37、同的语言则说不准，即难以界定语言之间的差异程度，故本题填 degree of differences。 【知识模块】 听力填空 4 【正确答案】 specific learning 【试题解析】 一般而言，如果不经过学习 (without specific learning)，使用两种声音交流体系的人是无法理解对方的，那么我们就可以将这两种声音交流体系视为两种语言。 【知识模块】 听力填空 5 【正确答案】 Dialects 【试题解析】 本题考查 dialects的定义。虽然不同沟通体系会影响人们之间的沟通，但只要双方能相互理解，这些不同的沟通体系就可以视为是同一种语言的方言。下定义是常见考
38、点，听录音时要善于抓住关键词 are called。 【知识模块】 听力填空 6 【正确答案】 speech habits 【试题解析】 本题 考查 “个人语言 ”(idiolect)的定义，即指一个人的说话习惯。有关下定义的常见词汇有 mean， be called， refer to， be designated as等。 【知识模块】 听力填空 7 【正确答案】 mother tongue/first language 【试题解析】 人们通常一开始学会的是自己的母语，即第一语言，指的是父母说的语言或者抚养小孩的人说的语言。若没记下笔记，考生可以根据常识来猜测。 【知识模块】 听力填空 8
39、 【正确答案】 mastering 【试题解析】 完全掌握两种语言的人被称为 “双语人才 ”。本题要求考生将名词短语 complete mastery of two languages转化为动词短语，即 mastering two languages。 【知识模块】 听力填空 9 【正确答案】 a multilingual community 【试题解析】 关于双语现象，讲座提到从小生活在多语种社区里的人可能会发展成为会说两种语言的人，因此这里填 a multilingual community。 【知识模块】 听力填空 10 【正确答案】 vocal noises 【试题解析】 讲座提到，语
40、言是人类独有的，其它动物之间虽然也会通过叫声或其他方式进行交流，但都不是语言。本题答案为 vocal noises。 【知识模块】 听力填空 11 【正确答案】 productive 【试题解析】 虽然其它动物也能通过声音或其他方式进行沟通，但惟有人类语言具有多产性和创造性的特点。这里需要填一个与 creative并列的形容词，故把原文的 productivity转换成 productive。 【知识模块】 听力填空 12 【正确答案】 Functions 【试题解析】 本题的答案在录音中并没有明显的表述，但讲座中提到 “社会语言学和心理语言学方面的研究已经开始关注语言的其他功能 ”，提示了这
41、里讲的是语言的功能，故本题可填 Functions。 【知识模块】 听力填空 13 【正确答案】 identity 【试题解析】 语言除了促进交流以外还有多重功能，如表达国家或区域身份，这是世界多民族地区冲突的共同根源，如比利时、印度和加拿大的魁北克省。因此答案为 identity。 【知识模块】 听力填空 14 【正确答案】 playful fun 【试题解析】 语言还有一些有趣的功能，如双关语、谜语和字谜等。故填playful或其近义词 fun。 【知识模块】 听力填空 15 【正确答案】 time and place/period and community 【试题解析】 本题考查考生概
42、括信息的能力。讲座提到，语言是在一个时间段和一个社群里面所使用的交流系统。由于每空只能填三个单词，故概括为 time and place或 period and community。 【知识模块 】 听力填空 15 【听力原文】 English as a Global Language Good morning everyone. Today we are going to examine English as a global language. English has played the role as a global language for quite some time. Som
43、e theorists mention some characteristics of English as a global language i.e. the use of English has spread across the world and it has become the most preferable foreign language teaching.1English has also been used widely in economic, political, and scientific fields as well as the main tool of co
44、mmunication in media such as ratio, television, newspaper, and even internet This is not good news to all.2For example, some argue that the global dominance of the English language is bad news for world literature. Why? Because if the English language dominates world publishing, very few translation
45、s will be commercially viable, except those from English to other languages. As a result, virtually only those writing in English will have a chance of reaching a world audience and achieving “classic status“.3The outcome is clear: just as in the sciences, those who wish to reach a world audience wi
46、ll write in English. World literature will be an English literature and will be the poorer for it as if all music were written only for the cello. Having said that, we must understand that the spread of globalization all over the world is unstoppable nowadays. Although the definition of globalizatio
47、n itself really depends on what perspectives someone may look at, its impact has infiltrated in some aspects of our life. Similarly, the spread of English as a global language has been an interesting issue on whether it will bring bad or good impact to the society. Like god has created everything in
48、 this world in pairs, for instance, men and women, night and day, badness and goodness, life and death, and so on. The impacts of English as a global language also come up with such nature, the positive and negative. In the next few minutes I am going to give a snapshot of both sides. First of all, the positive impacts of English as a global language. The existence of English as a global language has contributed positive impacts on some areas.4In trade or business area, English is a medium of communication among businessmen throughout the world. Indonesian exporters, f
