1、专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 230及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s)
2、 you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 Meaning in Literature I. AUTHOR Interpret authors intended meaning by a)Reading other works by【 T1】 _【 T1】 _ b)Knowing common
3、meanings in a particular parameter c)Knowing how authors and readers of that time interpreted texts d)Knowing cultural【 T2】 _ of that time【 T2】 _ Personal meaning are influenced by【 T3】 _ and cultural meanings【 T3】_ Authorial intention is complicated a)Cultural constraints b)Develop meanings not ori
4、ginally【 T4】 _by the author【 T4】 _ c)Cultural or symbolic meanings unclear to author d)Not realise all of the【 T5】 _ in the work【 T5】 _ II. TEXT 【 T6】 _ of the text【 T6】 _ a)Grammar b)Language c)Uses of【 T7】 _【 T7】 _ Meanings are agreed upon based on the factors of a)Conventions of meaning b)Traditi
5、ons c)【 T8】 _【 T8】 _ d)Conventions of usage, practice and【 T9】 _【 T9】 _ Meanings are complicated a)A text is a(n)【 T10】 _【 T10】 _ b)Meanings are cultural and contextual III. READER Meaning is social a)Language and conventions work as meanings are【 T11】 _【 T11】 _ b)Readers participate in social or cu
6、ltural meaning c)【 T12】 _ is part of culture and history【 T12】 _ Meaning is contextual a)Codes in literature b)Reader competency: the experience and knowledge of【 T13】 _texts【 T13】 _ Meaning is cultural a)Different conventions and ways of reading and writing b)Understand the【 T14】 _ of the author【 T
7、14】 _ c)Negotiation across time,【 T15】 _, etc.【 T15】 _ 1 【 T1】 2 【 T2】 3 【 T3】 4 【 T4】 5 【 T5】 6 【 T6】 7 【 T7】 8 【 T8】 9 【 T9】 10 【 T10】 11 【 T11】 12 【 T12】 13 【 T13】 14 【 T14】 15 【 T15】 15 Analyzing Fiction I. 【 T1】 _【 T1】 _ Arrangement of events to a)【 T2】 _【 T2】 _ b)Raise the level of generality
8、c)【 T3】 _ the meaning【 T3】 _ Relation of events No relation of events a)Poorly written b)Lack of relation is the【 T4】 _ of the narrative【 T4】 _ II. Character Explore human experience Represent particular【 T5】 _ of human nature【 T5】 _ Represent conflicts, values and emotions Contrasting or parallel c
9、haracters III. Setting Concrete and general settings Have【 T6】 _ significance【 T6】 _ Used in contrasting and【 T7】 _ ways【 T7】 _ IV. Narrator See things from a certain point of view External narrator a)Objective and omniscient voice b)Keep readers in a suspenseful or【 T8】 _ relation【 T8】 _ Narrator w
10、ithin the story a)Tell the story in【 T9】 _【 T9】 _ b)Reliable or unreliable 【 T10】 _ character【 T10】 _ a)Not know he or she is a character b)Unaware of the narration or the narrator V. Figurative language Characterize the【 T11】 _ and understanding of characters【 T11】 _ Establish thematic and tonal co
11、ntinuities and significance VI. Representation of reality Represent different aspects of reality in different ways Concrete narrative: adhere to【 T12】 _, represent daily events【 T12】 _ Represent spiritual aspect through【 T13】 _ etc.【 T13】 _ VII. World-view Read for a)【 T14】 _【 T14】 _ b)World-view c)
12、Ideological assumptions Use devices intentionally to present world-view Readers should be aware of a)World-view presented b)Distances and similarities between fiction world and readers world c)Significances of what are【 T15】 _ in the narrative【 T15】 _ to represent human experience. 16 【 T1】 17 【 T2】
13、 18 【 T3】 19 【 T4】 20 【 T5】 21 【 T6】 22 【 T7】 23 【 T8】 24 【 T9】 25 【 T10】 26 【 T11】 27 【 T12】 28 【 T13】 29 【 T14】 30 【 T15】 专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 230答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, plea
14、se complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 【听力
15、原文】 Meaning in Literature Good morning, everyone. Today, we are going to talk about “meaning“ in literature. “Meaning“ is a difficult issue, and what I have to say today only scratches the surface of a complex and contested area. How do we know what a work of literature is “supposed“ to mean, or wha
16、t its “real“ meaning is? There are three ways to approach this: that meaning is what is intended by the author; that meaning is created by and contained in the text itself; and that meaning is created by the reader. First of all, about the author. Does a work of literature mean what the author “inte
17、nded“ it to mean, and if so, how can we tell? If all the evidence we have is the text itself, we can only speculate on what the priorities and ideas of the author were from our set of interpretive practices and values. We can expand this: 1by reading other works by the same author, by knowing more a
18、nd more about what sort of meanings seem to be common to works in that particular tradition, time and genre, by knowing how the author and other writers and readers of that time read texts what their interpretive practices were, and 2by knowing what the cultural values and symbols of the time were.
19、Any person or text can only “mean“ within a set of preexisting, socially supported ideas, symbols, images, ways of thinking and values. In a sense there is no such thing as a “personal“ meaning; although we have different experiences in our lives and different temperaments and interests,3we will int
20、erpret the world according to social norms and cultural meanings theres no other way to do it. We may have as evidence for meaning what the author said or wrote about the work, but this is not always reliable. Authorial intention is complicated not only by the fact that an authors ways of meaning an
21、d of using literary conventions are cultural, but by the facts that the authors work may very well have taken in directions she did not originally foresee and4have developed meanings which she did not intend and indeed may not recognize. The works may embody cultural or symbolic meanings which are n
22、ot fully clear to the author herself and may emerge only through historical or other cultural perspective,5and persons may not be conscious of all of the motives that attend their work. Secondly, about the text. Does the meaning exist “in“ the text?6There is an argument that the formal properties of
23、 the text 7the grammar, the language, the uses of image and so forth contain and produce the meaning, so that any educated reader will inevitably come to essentially the same interpretation as any other. Of course, it becomes almost impossible to know whether the same interpretations are arrived at
24、because the formal properties securely encode the meaning, or because all of the “competent“ readers were taught to read the formal properties of texts in roughly the same way. As a text is in a sense only ink marks on a page, and as all meanings are culturally created and transferred, the argument
25、that the meaning is “in“ the text is not a particularly persuasive one. 8The meaning might be more likely to be in the conventions of meaning, the traditions, the cultural codes which have been handed down, so that insofar as we and other readers might be said to agree on the meaning of the text,9th
26、at agreement would be created by common traditions and conventions of usage, practice and interpretation. In different time periods, with different cultural perspectives, or with different purposes for reading, no matter what the distance in time or cultural situation, competent readers can arrive a
27、t different readings of texts.10On the one hand, a text is a historical document, a material fact, and on the other hand, meaning is inevitably cultural and contextual. Therefore, the question of whether the text “really means“ what it means to a particular reader, group or tradition can be a diffic
28、ult and complex one. Finally, about the reader. Does the meaning then exist in the readers response, her processing or reception of the text? In a sense this is inescapable: meaning exists only insofar as it means to someone, and art is composed in order to evoke sets of responses in the reader. But
29、 this leads us to three essential issues. Meaning is “social“, that is,11language and conventions work only as shared meaning, and our way of viewing the world can exist only as shared. When we read a text, we are participating in social, or cultural, meaning.12Response is not merely an individual t
30、hing, but is part of culture and history. Meaning is contextual. Change the context, you often change the meaning. Texts constructed as literature or art, have their own codes and practices, and the more we know of them, the more we can decode the text, that is, understand it 13consequently, in rega
31、rd to the question of meaning there is the matter of reader competency, as it is called, the experience and knowledge of decoding literary texts. As meanings are cultural and as art is artifact, you may see that this idea that meaning requires competency in reading can bring us back to different con
32、ventions and ways of reading and writing,14and to the historically situated understandings of the section on the author.15At the least, “meaning“ requires a negotiation between cultural meanings across time, culture, gender and class. OK Let me recap my talk today. The point of this brief talk is th
33、at “meaning“ is a phenomenon that is not easily ascribed or located, that it is historical, social, and derived from the traditions of reading and thinking and understanding the world that you are educated about and socialized in. 【知识模块】 听力填空 1 【正确答案】 the same author 【试题解析】 本题询问我们可以通过什么方式来诠释作者的作品。讲座
34、提到的第一点是我们可以读同一作者的其他作品。因此，这里填 the same author。 【知识模块】 听力填空 2 【正确答案】 values and symbols 【试题解析】 录音谈到诠释作者作品隐含义的第四个方法，即了解作者其所在的时期的文化价值观和文化象征。因此填入 values and symbols。注意要使用复数形式。 【知识模块】 听力填空 3 【正确答案】 social norms 【试题解析】 在谈到个人的解读会受到什么影响时，讲座说我们会根据社会规范和文化含义来解读世界。这里填 social norms。 【知识模块】 听力填空 4 【正确答案】 intended
35、【试题解析】 作者的意图是复杂的，其中一个原因是：作者发展出来的意思很有可能在开始写作时并没有打算这样写。这里需使用被动语态，故填 intended。 【知识模块】 听力填空 5 【正确答案】 motives 【试题 解析】 本题继续考查从哪方面可以体现出作者的意图是复杂的。讲座提到，人们也许没有意识到自己作品里面的所有主题。因此，这里填的是 motives，注意这个词是 motif的复数形式。 【知识模块】 听力填空 6 【正确答案】 Formal properties 【试题解析】 录音谈到文章具有形式特征，并且分别列举了三个特征。因此本题应填入 Formal properties。 【知
36、识模块】 听力填空 7 【正确答案】 image 【试题解析】 本题考查的是文章的形式特征。讲座提到，这 些特征有语法、语言、意象的运用等。这里填 image。表示并列的词句是记录重点。 【知识模块】 听力填空 8 【正确答案】 Cultural codes 【试题解析】 本题问我们能彼此理解对方的意思是由什么因素所决定的。讲座提到了以下几个方面：意思的惯例、传统、文化规范。这里填 Cultural codes。 【知识模块】 听力填空 9 【正确答案】 interpretation 【试题解析】 录音接着补充到，这种彼此理解也是由共同的传统、用法约定、实践和诠释建立的。因此本题填入 inte
37、rpretation。 【知识模块】 听力填空 10 【正确答案】 historical document/material fact 【试题解析】 录音提到，一方面文章是历史文献和重要事实，另一方面意义不可避免地会有文化性和前后关联性。因此本题填入 historical document或 material fact。 【知识模块】 听力填空 11 【正确答案】 shared 【试题解析】 本题询问 “意义是社会性的 ”体现在哪里。讲座提到，语言和惯例是通过共享的意思实现 的，而我们看待世界存在的方式也是共享的。因此，这里填shared。 【知识模块】 听力填空 12 【正确答案】 Resp
38、onse 【试题解析】 本题考查考生对细节内容的把握。录音提到，我们阅读文章的时候，会参与到文章所表达的社会或文化意义上。我们的回应不仅仅是个人的事情，也是文化和历史的一部分。因此本题填入 Response。 【知识模块】 听力填空 13 【正确答案】 decoding 【试题解析】 本题考查何为读者能力。讲座提到，读者能力是一个人解码文学作品的经验和知识。因 此，这里填 decoding。 【知识模块】 听力填空 14 【正确答案】 historical background 【试题解析】 本题考查考生概括信息的能力。题目问的是我们需要去理解作家的什么方面。讲座提到，要读者走进作者所处的历史
39、状况。这里需要找一个词组概括这一意思。因此，填 historical background。 【知识模块】 听力填空 15 【正确答案】 culture/gender/class 【试题解析】 讲座在最后提到，我们需要在时间、文化、性别和阶级上 做调整。由于题目里面有 etc，因此，这里可以填 culture或 gender或 class。 【知识模块】 听力填空 15 【听力原文】 Analyzing Fiction Good morning, everyone. Today, we will continue our discussion about fiction, particular
40、ly how to analyze a fiction. The analysis of fiction has many similarities to the analysis of poetry. As a rule a work of fiction is a narrative, with characters, with a setting, told by a narrator, with some claim to represent “the world“ in some fashion. The topics in this lecture are plot, charac
41、ter, setting, the narrator, figurative language, the way reality is represented, and the world-view. 1.1Plot. As a narrative a work of fiction has a certain arrangement of events which are taken to have a relation to one another.2This arrangement of events to some end for instance to create signific
42、ance, raise the level of generality,3extend or complicate the meaning is known as “plot“. Narrative is integral to human experience; we use it constantly to make sense out of our experience, to remember and relate events and significance, and to establish the basic patterns of behaviour of our lives
43、.4If there is no apparent relation of events in a story, our options are either to declare it to be poorly written or to assume that the lack of relation is thematic, meaning to represent the chaotic nature of human experience, a failure in a characters experience or personality, or the lack of mean
44、ingful order in the universe. In order to establish significance in narrative, there will often be coincidence, parallel or contrasting episodes, repetitions of various sorts, including the repetition of challenges, crises, episodes, symbols, motifs. The relationship of events in order to create sig
45、nificance is known as the plot. 2. Character. Characters in a work of fiction are generally designed to open up or explore certain aspects of human experience.5Characters often depict particular traits of human nature; they may represent only one or two traits a greedy old man who has forgotten how
46、to care about others, for instance, or they may represent very complex conflicts, values and emotions. Usually there will be contrasting or parallel characters, and usually there will be significance to the selection of kinds of characters and to their relation to each other. As in the use of settin
47、g, in fact in almost any representation in art, the significance of a character can vary from the particular, the dramatization of a unique individual, to the most general and symbolic, for instance the representation of a “Christ figure“. 3. Setting. Narrative requires a setting; this as in poetry
48、may vary from the concrete to the general.6Often setting will have particular culturally coded significance a sea-shore has a significance for us different from that of a dirty street corner, for instance, and different situations and significances can be constructed through its use.7Settings, like characters, can be used in contrasting and comparative ways to add significance, and can be repeated with variations, and so forth. 4. The Narrator. A narration requires a narrator, someone who tells the
