1、专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 244及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s)
2、 you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 Subfields of Linguistics I. Sociolinguistics definition: the study of【 T1】 _ and variations in language【 T1】 _ within a societ
3、y or community what to study a. the way people use language to express social class, group status, etc. b. the way people use language to【 T2】 _ their roles in society【 T2】 _ and to achieve positions of power functions: a. predicting the【 T3】 _ of language change【 T3】 _ b. emphasizing the way langua
4、ges mix goal: to understand communicative【 T4】 _【 T4】 _ .【 T5】 _【 T5】 _ what to study how people process language how language use is related to【 T6】 _ mental processes【 T6】 _ e. g., studies of childrens language【 T7】 _【 T7】 _ III. Computational linguistics goals: to analyze the【 T8】 _ and the struc
5、ture of languages【 T8】 _ to look for patterns and similarities IV.【 T9】 _【 T9】 _ what to study the【 T10】 _ people make【 T10】 _ communicating strategies at different levels findings:【 T11】 _ , attitude, learning style, and personality【 T11】 _ affect language learning V. Anthropological linguistics wh
6、at to study: using linguistic approaches to analyze【 T12】 _【 T12】 _ VI.【 T13】 _ linguistics【 T13】 _ concerns: the common grammatical principles and【 T14】 _ in【 T14】 _ all human languages VII. Neurolinguistics what to study: how language is processed and presented 【 T15】 _【 T15】 _ 1 【 T1】 2 【 T2】 3 【
7、 T3】 4 【 T4】 5 【 T5】 6 【 T6】 7 【 T7】 8 【 T8】 9 【 T9】 10 【 T10】 11 【 T11】 12 【 T12】 13 【 T13】 14 【 T14】 15 【 T15】 15 Sexism in English Sexism in English language reflects the traditional ethics that men are superior to women. Here, four aspects will be discussed to explain the causes. I. The【 T1】 _ f
8、actor【 T1】 _ the religious influence of the Holy Bible: the birth order of the man and the woman 【 T2】 _ committed by the woman【 T2】 _ II. The physiological factor physical differences: men: tall, robust, having more【 T3】 _【 T3】 _ women: small, weak, having more【 T4】 _【 T4】 _ consequences; men work
9、outside; women stay at home women are considered to be inferior in【 T5】 _【 T5】 _ III. The social factor; the【 T6】 _ of labor【 T6】 _ feminists: we live in a【 T7】 _ society【 T7】 _ sex is used in allocating tasks, activities,【 T8】 _ and【 T8】 _ responsibilities in history: a. women: housework and【 T9】 _
10、【 T9】 _ b. men: breadwinner in modern society: a. women: employed in low-status,【 T10】 _ jobs【 T10】 _ b. men: mainly defined by their【 T11】 _ position【 T11】 _ IV. The【 T12】 _ factor【 T12】 _ women are treated as mens appendages men: educated to be manly,【 T13】 _ , and brave【 T13】 _ women: required to
11、 be polite, conservative,【 T14】 _ , and【 T14】 _ gentle results: women pay more attention to the elegance and standard of language a. use pleasant and polite words b. speak【 T15】 _【 T15】 _ 16 【 T1】 17 【 T2】 18 【 T3】 19 【 T4】 20 【 T5】 21 【 T6】 22 【 T7】 23 【 T8】 24 【 T9】 25 【 T10】 26 【 T11】 27 【 T12】 2
12、8 【 T13】 29 【 T14】 30 【 T15】 专业英 语八级（听力）模拟试卷 244答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for ea
13、ch gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 【听力原文】 Subfields of Linguistics Good morning, well continue our talk on linguistics. Last time we
14、 have got a general concept about linguistics. The scientific study of language is concerned with two main branches of linguistics: descriptive linguistics and comparative linguistics. And today we will focus on the subfields of linguistics. As we know, the field of linguistics both borrows from and
15、 lends its own theories and methods to other disciplines. Many subfields of linguistics have expanded our understanding of languages. Linguistic theories and methods are also used in other fields of study. These overlapping interests have led to the creation of several cross-disciplinary fields, nam
16、ely sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, applied linguistics, anthropological linguistics, philosophical linguistics and neurolinguistics. Lets start with sociolinguistics. (1) Sociolinguistics is the study of patterns and variations in language within a society or communi
17、ty. It focuses on the way people use language to express social class, group status, gender, or ethnicity, and it looks at how they make choices about the form of language they use. (2) It also examines the way people use language to negotiate their roles in society and to achieve positions of power
18、. For example, sociolinguistic studies have found that the way a New Yorker pronounces the phoneme /r/ in an expression such as “fourth floor“ can indicate the persons social class. According to one study, people aspiring to move from the lower middle class to the upper middle class attach prestige
19、to pronouncing the /r/. Sometimes they even overcorrect their speech, pronouncing a /r/ where those whom they wish to copy may not. (3) Some sociolinguists believe that analyzing such variables as the use of a particular phoneme can predict the direction of language change. Change, they say, moves t
20、oward the variable associated with power, prestige, or other quality having high social value. Other sociolinguists focus on what happens when speakers of different languages interact. This approach to language change emphasizes the way languages mix rather than the direction of change within a comm
21、unity. (4) The goal of sociolinguistics is to understand communicative competence what people need to know to use the appropriate language for a given social setting. (5) Next comes psycholinguistics, (6) which merges the fields of psychology and linguistics to study how people process language and
22、how language use is related to underlying mental processes. (7) Studies of childrens language acquisition and of second-language acquisition are psycholinguistic in nature. Psycholinguists work to develop models for how language is processed and understood, using evidence from studies of what happen
23、s when these processes go awry. Thirdly, computational linguistics. Computational linguistics involves the use of computers to compile linguistic data, analyze languages, translate from one language to another, and develop and test models of language processing. (8) Linguists use computers and large
24、 samples of actual language to analyze the relatedness and the structure of languages and to look for patterns and similarities. Computers also aid in stylistic studies, information retrieval, various forms of textual analysis, and the construction of dictionaries and concordances. Applying computer
25、s to language studies has resulted in machine translation systems and machines that recognize and produce speech and text. Such machines facilitate communication with humans, including those who are perceptually or linguistically impaired. (9) The fourth subfield is called applied linguistics. Appli
26、ed linguistics employs linguistic theories and methods to improve overall efficacy in teaching and learning a second language. (10) Linguists look at the errors people make as they learn another language and at their strategies for communicating in the new language at different degrees of competence
27、. (11) In seeking to understand what happens in the mind of the learner, applied linguists recognize that motivation, attitude, learning style, and personality affect how well a person learns another language. The fifth is anthropological linguistics. (12) It is also known as linguistic anthropology
28、, which uses linguistic approaches to analyze culture. Anthropological linguists examine the relationship between a culture and its language, the way cultures and languages have changed over time, and how different cultures and languages are related to one another. For example, the present English u
29、se of family and given names arose in the late 13th and early 14th centuries when the laws concerning registration, tenure, and inheritance of property were changed. (13) Coming up next is philosophical linguistics. Philosophical linguistics examines the philosophy of language. (14) Philosophers of
30、language search for the grammatical principles and tendencies that all human languages share. Among the concerns of linguistic philosophers is the range of possible word order combinations throughout the world. One finding is that 95 percent of the worlds languages use a subject-verb-object (SVO) or
31、der as English does (“She pushed the table.“). Only 5 percent use a subject-object-verb (SOV) order or verb-subject-object (VSO) order. Finally, lets refer to the neurolinguistics. (15) Neurolinguistics is the study of how language is processed and represented in the brain. Neurolinguists seek to id
32、entify the parts of the brain involved with the production and understanding of language and to determine where the components of language (phonemes, morphemes, and structure or syntax) are stored. In doing so, they make use of techniques for analyzing the structure of the brain and the effects of b
33、rain damage on language. OK, now we come to the end of todays lecture. Hopefully you have all got a clear idea of these subfields of linguistics, including their different focuses and functions. Next time well specifically target applied linguistics and find out how this branch benefits SLA learners
34、. Thank you for your attention. 【知识模块】 听力 1 【正确答案】 patterns 【试题解析】 本篇讲座的主题是语言学的分支，讲话者首先讲了社会语言学，由句 (1)可知，社会语言学是对一个群体或团体中语言的模式与变化的研究。因此答案为 patterns。 【知识模块】 听力 2 【正确答案】 negotiate 【试题解析】 由句 (2)可知，社会语言学研究人们如何运用语言来商定他们在社会中的角色。因此答案为 negotiate。 【知识模块】 听力 3 【正确答案】 direction 【试题解析】 由句 (3)可知，一些社会语言学家认为，通过分析诸如特
35、定音位的用法这样的可变因素，可以预测语言变化的方向。因此答案为 direction。 【知识模块】 听力 4 【正确答案】 competence 【试题解析】 由句 (4)可知，社会语言学的目标是了解交谈能力。因此答案为competence。 【知识模块】 听力 5 【正确答案】 Psycholinguistics 【试题解析】 由句 (5)可知，讲话者要讨论的第二个语言学分支是心理语言学。因此本题答案为 Psycholinguistics，注意该空位于一级提纲的句首，首字母须大写。 【知识模块】 听力 6 【正确答案】 underlying 【试题解析】 由句 (6)可知，讲话者在讲述心理语
36、言学的研究内容时提到，心理语言学研究人们如何加工语言以及语言运用是如何与潜在的心理过程联系起来的。因此答案为 underlying。 【知识模块】 听力 7 【正确答案】 acquisition 【试题解析】 由句 (7)可知，对于儿童语言习得与第二语言习得的研究本质上也属于心理语言学。因此答案为 acquisition。 【知识模块】 听力 8 【正确答案】 relatedness 【试题解析】 第三个语言学分支是计算机语言学。由句 (8)可知，语言学家使用电脑和大量的实际语言样本来分析语言之间的联系与结构，寻找模式与相似之处。因此答案为 relatedness。 【知识模块】 听力 9 【
37、正确答案】 Applied linguistics 【试题解析】 由句 (9)可知，语言学的第四个分支是应用语言学，因此答案为Applied linguistics，注意首字母大写。 【知 识模块】 听力 10 【正确答案】 errors 【试题解析】 由句 (10)可知，在应用语言学里，语言学家研究人们在学习另一种语言时所犯的错，以及他们处于不同的语言能力水平时，用这种新语言进行交流所使用的策略。因此答案为 errors。 【知识模块】 听力 11 【正确答案】 motivation 【试题解析】 由句 (11)可知，在探究学习者大脑中所发生的情况时，应用语言学家认识到，动机、态度、学习方式
38、以及性格会影响学习者对另一门语言的掌握程度。因此答案为 motivation。 【知识模块】 听力 12 【正确答案】 culture 【试题解析】 由句 (12)可知，人类语言学也叫语言人类学，它用语言学的方法来分析文化。因此答案为 culture。 【知识模块】 听力 13 【正确答案】 Philosophical 【试题解析】 由句 (13)可知，讲话者讨论的第六个语言学分支是哲学语言学，因此答案为 Philosophical，注意首字母大写。 【知识模块】 听力 14 【正确答案】 tendencies 【试题解析】 由句 (14)可知，语言哲 学家寻求的是所有人类语言所共有的语法原则
39、与趋势。因此答案为 tendencies。 【知识模块】 听力 15 【正确答案】 in the brain 【试题解析】 由句 (15)可知，神经语言学所研究的是语言在大脑中是如何被处理和呈现的。因此答案为 in the brain。 【知识模块】 听力 15 【听力原文】 Sexism in English Good morning, everyone. Today we will talk about sexism in English. As we all know, sexism in English language has existed for a long time, whi
40、ch is the reflection of the traditional ethics that men are superior to women. Today I will focus on the causes of sexism in English language, and I will discuss it from four aspects: the cultural factor, the physiological factor, the social factor and the psychological factor. (1) First, lets have
41、a look at the cultural factor. The Holy Bible is actually a book of men. As Christianity is such a powerful religion in Western countries, it is unreasonable to deny that this helps to set and consolidate the inferiority of women. From the Holy Bible, we know the man came to the world first while th
42、e woman was made from one of the mans ribs. From the order of the birth, it is obvious to see the different importance of men and women. In addition, (2) the first sin is also committed by the woman, who was seduced by the snake into eating the fruits of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil an
43、d having the man eat them too. At last, the woman was punished to bring forth children in pain and was ruled over by the man. From above, the superiority of men and inferiority of women is clearly seen. Second, well move to the physiological factor. For extended work and life together, people realiz
44、ed that (3-1) men are tall in stature, strong in muscle and robust in physique. (3-2/4) In contrast to men, women are small in stature, weak in physique and have more fat and less muscle than men. Women also mature more rapidly. In a word, men are stronger than women. This determines that men play a
45、 more important role in social and economic lives. A mans job is to work outside but a womans job is to stay at home, doing the housework and taking care of the children. Women are treated as the weaker ones and they realize their own values through their marriages to men. At last, women are lower i
46、n status. They have to depend on men and are dominated by men. (5) Gradually, people begin to discriminate against women and think that they are inferior in intelligence. This wrong perspective forms slowly and reflects in language. (6) Third, Ill focus on the social factor, or we might say the divi
47、sion of labor. (7) Feminists all claim that we live in a patriarchal society: a society of men, ruled by men and for men. Patriarchy depicts men as the perfect norm against which women are measured and found lacking. (8) Both the Western and Eastern societies use sex, to one degree or another, in al
48、locating tasks, activities, rights, and responsibilities. As for the job done by men and women, there is a long-stereotyped notion of what they can do. (9) In history, there has been a division of labor a division in which womens place was restrained at home for housework and childcare while men worked outside being the breadwinner. At last, men had dominance over women, and women had to be dependent on men. This was the turning point for women. From then on, in paternal society, slavery society an
