1、专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 289及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s)
2、 you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 Different Types of Learning I. The definition of learning A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events B.【
3、T1】 _ of subjects changing behavior【 T1】 _ C. A process of recognizing how【 T2】 _【 T2】 _ II. Two basic stages of learning A【 T3】 _: gradual process with trial and error【 T3】 _ B. Maintenance: acting on the new information【 T4】 _【 T4】 _ III. Four types of learning A Instrumental or【 T5】 _【 T5】 _ The
4、common one in dog training Behavior produces event which can be a(n)【 T6】 _ or negative experience【 T6】 _ Dogs【 T7】 _ when rewarded by the experience【 T7】 _ Humans get burned when touching a hot stove Events/consequences change the behavior B. Classical/respondent【 T8】 _【 T8】 _ Learning that things
5、go together Dogs begin【 T9】 _ when hearing the bell rings【 T9】 _ The first form of learning is【 T10】 _【 T10】 _ For humans, its likely to rain when its cloudy C.【 T11】 _ learning【 T11】 _ Also called single event learning Events are【 T12】 _【 T12】 _ Dogs wont perk up ears when hearing an irrelevant noi
6、se People get【 T13】 _ to noises【 T13】 _ D. Social learning As a result of being in social groups Chimpanzees learning how to【 T14】 _ by watching【 T14】 _ People learn from others Frequently occurs in a situation of【 T15】 _ or being dynamic【 T15】 _ 1 【 T1】 2 【 T2】 3 【 T3】 4 【 T4】 5 【 T5】 6 【 T6】 7 【 T
7、7】 8 【 T8】 9 【 T9】 10 【 T10】 11 【 T11】 12 【 T12】 13 【 T13】 14 【 T14】 15 【 T15】 15 Story Telling I. Status of story telling A. In the past provided cultural【 T1】 _【 T1】 _ provided moral education B. Today stories are still much valued as a way to deliver a personal, 【 T2】 _ message【 T2】 _ II. Functio
8、n and criteria of stories A. To capture the interest【 T3】 _ , story teller has to【 T3】 _ take the needs of the【 T4】 _ into account.【 T4】 _ tailor the story to fit a. the time available b. the age of the audience c. the location and【 T5】 _【 T5】 _ B. Good stories are complete stories with a(n)【 T6】 _【
9、 T6】 _ C. Adding a twist to make the ending【 T7】 _ will definitely【 T7】 _ make the story more fun III. Sources of stories A The sources of stories can be【 T8】 _【 T8】 _ B. The best source is the story tellers own【 T9】 _, because it【 T9】 _ sounds true has a greater【 T10】 _【 T10】 _ IV. Presentation of
10、stories A. Before giving a story publicly memorize the【 T11】 _【 T11】 _ pay attention to【 T12】 _ and names【 T12】 _ try to tell the story in【 T13】 _【 T13】 _ B. When telling the story keep every thing in control and establish your【 T14】 _【 T14】 _ watch your speaking speed and use【 T15】 _【 T15】 _ 16 【 T
11、1】 17 【 T2】 18 【 T3】 19 【 T4】 20 【 T5】 21 【 T6】 22 【 T7】 23 【 T8】 24 【 T9】 25 【 T10】 26 【 T11】 27 【 T12】 28 【 T13】 29 【 T14】 30 【 T15】 专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 289答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-le
12、cture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling
13、task. 0 【听力原文】 Different Types of Learning Good morning, everybody. Today, Im going to talk about learning. Lets start with the definition of learning. Then what is learning? We define learning as a process where a living being experiences certain relationships between events and is able to recogniz
14、e an association between events, and as a consequence the subjects behavior changes because of that experience. Or, more simply, 1earning is the process of recognizing how a living beings actions change its environment, other beings actions, etc. All living things can learn, even goldfish! There are
15、 two basic stages of learning: acquisition and maintenance. When an individual is first learning something, this is called the acquisition stage. This stage of learning is not all or none: rather, it is usually gradual. You may have heard someone use the phrase “trial and error.“ Once armed with new
16、 information, an individual will act on the new information when it is appropriate. This is known as the maintenance stage. Learning begins to plateau during the maintenance stage. Learning is done in four types: Instrumental learning, which is more commonly known as operant conditioning, classical
17、conditioning, non-associative learning, and social learning. Operant conditioning is a form that may be very familiar to you if you have ever trained a dog. The majority of learning is some form of operant conditioning. The simplest way to explain this type of learning is that behavior produces even
18、ts. An event can be a rewarding experience or a negative experience. As a result of such events the behavior changes. A dog learns that his behavior has consequences and that he can control what happens to him by behaving in certain ways, or refraining from behaving in those ways. If your dog raids
19、the garbage, he is rewarded by this experience by getting tidbits of food, and is more likely to repeat the behavior. Human beings are also products of this learning. We learn from a young age that if we touch a hot stove, well get burned. If we put on a raincoat, well stay dry. This form of learnin
20、g is characterized by Thorndikes Law of Effect The law states that if the consequence is pleasant the preceding behavior becomes more frequent, whereas if the consequence is unpleasant, the behavior will diminish and in some cases become extinct. Classical conditioning is another form of learning th
21、at is increasing in popularity. This type of learning results from learning that certain things go together. This learning was demonstrated by the Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. In an investigative experiment, Pavlov was able to demonstrate in dogs that salivation could be started by non-food st
22、imuli such as bells, buzzers, and tones. In his experiments, he was able to show that dogs will salivate when they anticipate food. Thus he created an unrelated stimulus, such as a bell, moments before giving the dog food. Soon the dogs learned that when the bell rings, food is on its way, and thus
23、they began salivating. Humans also learn through classical conditioning. For example, we know that if it is cloudy, that rain is a possibility. Or when something is burning on the stove, the fire alarm may go off. This type of learning is called classical conditioning because it was the first form o
24、f learning demonstrated experimentally. It is also sometimes called respondent conditioning, because the first step in changing a behavior due to this type of learning, require involuntary or reflexive behaviors. Non-associative learning is one of the most basic forms of learning. It is also called
25、single event learning. This type of learning involves learning that some events are unrelated and irrelevant. For example, if a dog hears a noise, he may respond by perking up his ears. This response is called an orienting response. If the noise is something which has no relevance to the dog, the do
26、g will not respond when it hears this noise: however, the dog must first learn which noises are or are not relevant. This is known as habituation. One example of this might happen when you move to a house that is on a busy street. The first night you may have trouble sleeping due to your increased a
27、wareness of the sounds. Over the next few days you will become habituated to these noises, and soon you wont even notice they are there. Non-associative learning is learning that there are not always significant associations between events. Social learning is a form of learning that occurs as a resu
28、lt of being in social groups. In most animals, this type of learning is only responsible for a small amount of behavior change. This type of learning is most prevalent in animal forms similar to humans. Chimpanzees do a great deal of social learning amongst their social group. Chimps will learn how
29、to use tools by watching older members of the group manipulating those same tools. Humans are also extremely adept at social learning. We learn from others how things are done. Social learning occurs most frequently in a situation where there is some sort of social hierarchy or dynamic. To sum up br
30、iefly, today weve discussed the definition of learning, the two stages involved in the process of learning and the four types of learning. So now you must have a clear idea of what learning is. I hope youve enjoyed this lecture. 【知识模块】 听力填空 1 【正确答案】 consequence result 【试题解析】 讲座的主题是 “learning(学习 )”，讲
31、座人认为 learning是 a process where a living being experiences ， a consequence the subjects behavior changes ，可知答案为 consequence。表示定义的词句是重点，特别是涉及讲话人观点或关键概念的定义，做笔记时要对其重视 。此题也可填入 consequence的同义词 result。 【知识模块】 听力填空 2 【正确答案】 action changes environment 【试题解析】 在讲到学习的定义时，讲座后来又给出了更简单的说法，学习是认识到人的行为是如何改变环境还有其他人的行为
32、等等的过程，把原文中 how后面的句子进行总结，可以得出答案为 action changes environment。 【知识模块】 听力填空 3 【正确答案】 Acquisition 【试题解析】 此题开始具体分 述学习的两个基本阶段。录音材料提到学习分为两个基本阶段：前者为 acquisition，由此可知答案。由 B点的 Maintenance可知 A点为另一个阶段 Acquisition，注意首字母应大写。 【知识模块】 听力填空 4 【正确答案】 appropriately 【试题解析】 录音材料提到 “一旦具备了新信息，就会在适当 (appropriate)的时候使用 ”，由此可知
33、答案为 appropriately。要点提示词 once后的信息常考，笔记中应特别注意。根据考题空格前的词可知，空白处应填入修饰 acting的副词，故将词性转换。 【知识模块】 听力填空 5 【正确答案】 operant learning 【试题解析】 讲到四种学习类型时，第一种为 instrumental learning，后面用了一个非限制性定语从句来解释它，说更众所周知的就是 operant conditioning(操控反射 )，后面一个句子也提到如果你训练过狗的话，操控反射可能是你很熟悉的一种形式，所以答案为 operant learning。 【知识模块】 听力填空 6 【正确答
34、案】 rewarding beneficial positive 【试题解析】 此题具体谈论四种学习方式中的第一种类型。录音原文 “这一事件可以是正面的经验，也可以是反面的经验 ”，由此可知答案为 rewarding，或beneficial， positive。如没听清原文，可由空格后的 negative推测与之反义的答案positive或 beneficial。 【知识模块】 听力填空 7 【正确答案】 repeat the behavior 【试题解析】 如果你的狗突袭了垃圾，因而吃了美食，那它很可能会重复这个行为， 故应填入 repeat the behavior。 【知识模块】 听力填
35、空 8 【正确答案】 conditioning 【试题解析】 此题谈论第二种类型。根据录音原文 “Classical conditioning是另一种越来越流行的学习模式 ”，可知答案为 conditioning。此题作为四种类型中的第二种，文中多次提及，考生应记录其内容。 【知识模块】 听力填空 9 【正确答案】 salivating 【试题解析】 此题通过对动物狗的实验，举例说明学习的第二种类型。录音中提到狗 在渴望食物时会分泌唾液 (salivate)，可知答案为 salivating。注意 begin后接动词 -ing或 to do形式，根据上下文应填入 salivating。 【知识
36、模块】 听力填空 10 【正确答案】 demonstrated experimentally 【试题解析】 命名为 Classical conditioning的原因是它是第一个以试验方法来论证的学习方式，所以答案为 demonstrated experimentally。 【知识模块】 听力填空 11 【正确答案】 Non-associative 【试题解析】 此题谈论四种学习方式中的第三种类型。根据录音原文 Non-associative learning is one of the most basic forms of learning，可知答案为 Non-associative。关于
37、主题的分项内容是常考之处，另外，材料中多次提及 non-associative learning，笔记当然不能漏。同时要注意首字母大写。 【知识模块】 听力填空 12 【正确答案】 unrelated irrelevant 【试题解析】 录音中具体提到 “此类的学习涉及了许多不相关的事项 ”，可知答案为 unrelated或 irrelevant。细心的考生可能会将 unrelated和 irrelevant都记录笔记中，此题填入其中之一便可。 【知识模块】 听力填空 13 【正确答案】 habituated used accustomed 【试题解析】 此题通过列举人们睡觉时对噪音的反应，说
38、明学习的第三种类型。录音中提到 “几天之后你会习惯 (habituated)这些噪音，而且不久后，你甚至会感觉不到它们的存 在。 ”再对照题目可知答案为 habituated。涉及列举的例子，是常考之处，听音时不应忽视。另外根据上下文，也可填入 used或 accustomed等词。 【知识模块】 听力填空 14 【正确答案】 use tools 【试题解析】 此题通过黑猩猩的行为，举例说明学习方式中的第四种类型。录音中提到 “黑猩猩能够通过观察种群中长者们如何使用工具来学会这一技能。 ”由此可知答案为 use tools。本题属于细节题，涉及列举的例子，是常考之处，听音时应给予注意。 【知识
39、模块】 听力填空 15 【正确答案】 social hierarchy 【试题解析】 讲座的最后提到社交学习最经常发生在存在着某种社会阶层的场合，故应填入 social hierarchy。 【知识模块】 听力填空 15 【听力原文】 Story Telling Good morning, everyone. Today we are gonna talk about story telling. Story telling is an ancient and honored art. Story tellers entertained during the long dark hours b
40、efore sleep arrived after the sun disappeared over the western horizon. But the story tellers job is more than just entertainment. Before the printed page appeared, story tellers provided cultural continuity, preserving the past to serve as guide through the future. Story tellers told tales of heroe
41、s to provide positive examples, the legends that held the tribe together and provided its identity, and the stories of foolish or evil beings to remind young and old the penalties for not living correctly. Even behavior too horrible to speak of directly, such as cannibalism, cowardice or death, coul
42、d be examined through the mediation of a story. Even today, books, magazines, radio, television and movies still have not replaced the story teller. None of these permanent, reproducible media are able to deliver a personal, individualized message with the impact of a well told story. Whether the pu
43、rpose of a story is to set a mood, to entertain, to teach a lesson, to amuse or to scare, nothing works like a good story at the right moment. A story with an obvious message concerning the results of “another persons“ misbehavior can deliver a warning and deterrent that a direct confrontation can n
44、ot produce and the story will do so without hurting egos. A positive relationship can be maintained and, sometimes, even strengthened while still delivering an unwelcome message. This is the power of the story teller. Not every story will fit every situation. The story teller needs to select a story
45、 which will meet the needs of the situation and then the story teller must tailor the story to fit the time available, the age of the audience, the location and the mood desired. A good story choice will capture the interest of the audience. Audience members will relate to a location, experience or
46、emotion that they share in common with the story teller and will suspend disbelief long enough to be drawn into the story as it unfolds. Good stories build to a climax with a beginning, a middle and an end. The elements of the story revealed in each section will lead to the next. Predicaments and so
47、lutions will depend on the details of the story revealed in an earlier section. However, better stories may add a twist to make the ending unexpected and, therefore, more interesting. Scary stories should be matched to the age of the audience. A little feeling of fright as the story is told may be b
48、eneficial in learning how to deal with scary things, but the use of lingering fear that is carried away from the story is simply terrorizing a susceptible person and helps no one. It is the responsibility of the story teller to determine what is appropriate and not to abuse the audiences good faith. Stories can come from nearly anywhere. Folk tales, myths, legends, history(especially local history), Indian stories, adventure yarns and other story tellers are all sources of ins
