1、专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 57及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lectu
2、re. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 Euphemism I. Overall Introduction of Euphemism A. The word of euphemism(from Greek) Prefix “eu-“ : goo
3、d, well Root “ -phem“ :【 B1】 _【 B1】 _ Suffix -ism : noun Literal meaning:to speak with good words or in a pleasant manner Earliest time of use in record: the 11th century BC B. The origin of euphemism:【 B2】 _【 B2】 _. The function of euphemism: mild, roundabout words instead of coarse, offensive or p
4、ainful ones C. The definitions of euphemism(two most commonly used): Mild or vague or roundabout expression for harsh or blunt or direct one Polite,tactful or less【 B3】 _term to avoid the direct naming of an【 B3】_ unpleasant painful or frightening reality D. Classification of euphemism 1)Type one(by
5、 Hugh Rawson from the angle of semantics): i. the positive: stylistic ones inflating and magnifying the word meaning, making the euphemized seem grander and more important than they really are ii. the negative:【 B4】 _ones【 B4】 _ deflating and diminishing the word meaning, being defensive in nature o
6、ffsetting the power of tabooed terms and eradicating everything that people prefer not to deal with directly 2)Type two: unconscious ones & conscious ones i. Angle of classification: whether people remember their original【 B5】 _or not【 B5】 _ ii. Example: indisposition the original meaning: incapacit
7、y to deal with something its euphemistic meaning: slight illness or ill health II. Different uses of euphemism in cross-cultural communication A. Definition of “culture“: the entire way of society(customs, traditions, social habits,values,beliefs and language) B. Uses of euphemism related to differe
8、nt aspects of culture 1)Euphemisms related to names i. Chinese culture: emphasis on names example:【 B6】 _s name is forbidden to be called【 B6】 _ ii. British and American culture: few emphasis on names example: parents name being called directly children having the same name with their parents 2)Euph
9、emisms related to excretions i. English culture: having variety of euphemisms example: original words: go to the toilet, go to stool euphemistic words: to【 B7】 _,to freshen up,to pick a daisy,【 B7】 _ to relieve or to relieve nature,get some fresh air etc. 3)Euphemisms related to death Function: to r
10、espect the dead,to memorize them, to praise them, to avoid using the dreadful word 4)Euphemisms related to old age Chinese: being【 B8】 _of being old, few euphemisms【 B8】 _ American: being afraid of being old, a lot of euphemisms 5)Euphemisms related to fatness English: derogatory euphemistic phrases
11、: weight-watcher, heavyset, and on【 B9】 _【 B9】 _ Chinese: commendatory III. Conclusion the grease of language, and the【 B10】 _of social culture【 B10】 _ 1 【 B1】 2 【 B2】 3 【 B3】 4 【 B4】 5 【 B5】 6 【 B6】 7 【 B7】 8 【 B8】 9 【 B9】 10 【 B10】 10 The Complexities of Reading This lecture is the first of six of
12、 “ The Mysteries of Reading and Writing“. We tend to think that reading competence increases with practice. Actually, it is a complex and mysterious process. I.【 B1】 _: A story of two Greek boys【 B1】 _ Dimitris has learnt to read but doesnt know the【 B2】 _in which the【 B2】_ letter is written. Gregor
13、is is illiterate, but is familiar with the local vernacular. The result is that the reading process【 B3】 _the two boys efforts.【 B3】_ II. The different process of learning speaking and reading both specific to human species talking or speaking can be learnt【 B4】 _【 B4】 _ exposed to a linguistic envi
14、ronment engaged in linguistic exchanges following【 B5】 _【 B5】 _ reading, to be learnt “formally“ cant be acquired by spending time with written material must be “taught“ and【 B6】 _, either in ones childhood or later【 B6】 _ tragedy: roughly 20% of the global adult population being illiterate some exc
15、eptions in【 B7】 _: Marcel Pagnols La Gloire de mon pere【 B7】_ (My Fathers Glory) III. Reading is the result of a patient【 B8】 _【 B8】 _ learning to make sense of words, then sentences, finally the “ global meaning“ of a text learning to understand the【 B9】 _of the text: “befores“ and【 B9】 _ “afters“
16、, cause and effect, or finality learning to understand the usage of pronouns and the definite article being fortunate for us to have learnt the reading skill IV. About the next lecture:【 B10】 _【 B10】 _ explore a range of images of readers ask them about perceptions of reading 11 【 B1】 12 【 B2】 13 【
17、B3】 14 【 B4】 15 【 B5】 16 【 B6】 17 【 B7】 18 【 B8】 19 【 B9】 20 【 B10】 专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 57答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you
18、 will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 【听力原文】 Euphemism Good morning, boys
19、 and girls. In todays lecture, we will focus on euphemism. The word euphemism comes from Greek, “ eu-“ means “ good “ or “ well“ ,(1)the root “ -phem “ means “speech“ ,and “-ism“ is a noun suffix. It means literally “speaking with good words or in a pleasant manner“. The record use of euphemism is f
20、ound until the eleventh century BC. As one form of language, euphemism is a common phenomenon. It is widely used in human society. Euphemism can reduce sensitivity and irritation of expression. People use it to substitute indirect word or phrase. Euphemism also reflects some cultural differences. Pe
21、ople in different language groups use different ways to express euphemism. First, we will have a look at the origin of euphemism. (2)Euphemism originates from verbal taboo, which originates from religion superstition, reflecting the importance of social psychology. Almost every culture has its own t
22、aboo. People dare not call something by name directly because of the psychology of fear. So people work out indirect terms to replace them. The euphemisms come into being. People feel they are far away from fear when they use euphemism. In a word, euphemism is mild, roundabout words used in place of
23、 coarse, offensive, or painful ones. So, what is euphemism? Euphemism has been defined differently in different books. Here I will cite two most commonly used as follows: 1)Euphemism is substitution of mild or vague or roundabout expression for harsh or blunt or direct one. 2)(3)Euphemism is a polit
24、e,tactful,or less explicit term used to avoid the direct naming of an unpleasant painful or frightening reality. All these definitions above share the same point: Euphemism is a polite,roundabout,and indirect mode of expression which is used to talk about something unpleasant. It can make the unplea
25、sant things sound better,and make people feel good:it can make both speaker and hearer avoid losing face. Then, how can euphemism be classified? Euphemism can be classified into many types from different angles. Hugh Rawson divides euphemisms into two types:the positive and the negative from the ang
26、le of semantics. The positive euphemisms can be named stylistic ones,which “inflate and magnify the word meaning, making the euphemized seem altogether grander and more important than they really are. “(4)The negative euphemisms are extremely ancient,and closely connected with the taboos. They are a
27、lso called “ traditional euphemisms“. They deflate and diminish. “ They are defensive in nature offsetting the power of tabooed terms and otherwise eradicating from the language everything that people prefer not to deal with directly. “ According to different standards, there also exist many other c
28、lassifications of euphemisms. For example ,(5)all euphemisms, whether positive or negative, can be divided into two classes: unconscious and conscious according to whether people remember their original motivations or not. Some euphemisms developed so long ago that hardly anyone remembers how they w
29、ere originally motivated. Take “ indisposition“ for instance, the original meaning of the word is “ incapacity to deal with something“ and its euphemistic meaning is “slight illness or ill health“ ,which has been frequently used for so long that people hardly think of the original meaning. As in cro
30、ss-cultural communications, we also cannot avoid mentioning some differences in the use of euphemism. First, what is culture? Culture refers to the entire way of a society such as customs, traditions, social habits, values, beliefs and language. Different cultures have their own different history, p
31、olitics and way of thinking. The value and moral concepts implied in English and Chinese Euphemisms are different. Next, wed like to talk about some uses of euphemism related to different aspects of culture. First, euphemisms related to names. The Chinese culture places an emphasis on name.(6)In anc
32、ient times, people cannot call the emperors name. The common people even have no right to mention the characters having the same sound as the emperors name. However,British and American people think that God created the human, all men are created equal,and there are few euphemisms about name in Engl
33、ish. They even call their parents name directly to show the friendly relation. Furthermore, it is inoffensive for the young to have the same names as the old people. This kind of cultural system is different from that of China. Second, euphemisms related to excretions. English has variety of euphemi
34、sms in this category. Excreta and acts of human excretion are to be avoided in polite conversation. People do not say “go to the toilet“ or “go to stool“.(7)They use “to fix ones face“to freshen up“to pick a daisy“to relieve or to relieve nature“get some fresh air“ , etc. as their euphemisms. Third,
35、 euphemisms related to death. Death is an inevitable stage at the end of ones lifes journey. People use euphemisms to respect the dead, or to memorize them, sometimes to praise them, sometimes only to avoid using this dreadful word. Fourthly, euphemisms related to old age. Chinese and English have d
36、ifferent feeling about “old age“.(8-1)Chinese is proud of being old. In Chinese there are few euphemisms for old, which show more respect to old people and old people are thought to be more experienced.(8-2)However, Americans are afraid of becoming old. They want to act,feel and look young. In their
37、 opinion,the old people live a lonely life and are no longer energetic, so there are a lot of mild and roundabout expressions to show this concept of “old age“ vocabulary. Last, euphemisms related to fatness. In western countries, “ fat“ is a symbol of stupid, so to mention the word “ fat“ directly
38、is impolite. The people who have no self-made dint will deliver fat,so the word “fat“ is a word which contains the derogatory sense.(9)The euphemism of “fat“ is “weight-watcher“ in English. And people say “heavyset“ or “on the heavy side“ to express euphemistic sense. But the fatness contains commen
39、datory more in the Chinese language. As a phenomenon of language, euphemism is observed everywhere in all human societies and it is widely used in all human interactions. People always try to avoid the language leading to unpleasantness.(10)It is not only the grease of language,but also the accumula
40、tion of social culture. Euphemism indicates that the language is restricted and affected by society and culture. Thats all for todays lecture, thanks for listening. In our next lecture, we will get a close look at the principles of euphemisms. 【知识模块】 讲座 1 【正确答案】 speech 【试题解析】 本题考查重要细节。 Euphemism一词来源
41、于希腊文，根据句 (1)可知，词根一 phem的意思是 speech，故答案应填入 speech。 【知识模块】 讲座 2 【正确答案】 verbal taboo 【试题解析】 本题设题点在定语从句处。根据句 (2)可知，委婉语 (euphemism)起源于语言禁忌，故答案应填入 verbal taboo。 【知识模块】 讲座 3 【正确答案】 explicit 【试 题解析】 本题设题点在定义解释处。 Euphemism有两个定义，第二个定义可以根据句 (3)得出结论，委婉语是一种人们为了避免直接说出令人不快、痛苦或令人害怕的事实而使用的客套、机智或间接的词语。根据前后搭配应填入explic
42、it。 【知识模块】 讲座 4 【正确答案】 traditional 【试题解析】 本题设题点在定义解释处。 Hugh Rawson将委婉语根据语义学分为积极委婉语和消极委婉语，根据句 (4)可知，消极委婉语的解释为： The negative euphemisms are extremely ancient， and closely connected with thetaboos接着，作者又指出， They are also called“traditional euphemisms”。由此可知，消极委婉语也被称为 “传统委婉语 ”，故应填入 traditional。 【知识模块】 讲座
43、5 【正确答案】 motivations 【试题解析】 本题设题点在举例处。委婉语还有另一种分类方法，根据句 (5)可知，委婉语无论是积极的还是消极的，都可以分为以下两类：无意识的和有 意识的，其依据是人们是否记得他们的原始动机，故答案为 motivations。 【知识模块】 讲座 6 【正确答案】 emperor 【试题解析】 本题设题点在举例处。在跨文化交际方面，中英两种文化对名字有着不同的禁忌。中国人特别看重名字，根据句 (6)可知，在中国古代是不允许人们直呼皇帝名字的，故答案为 emperor。 【知识模块】 讲座 7 【正确答案】 fix ones face 【试题解析】 本题设题
44、点在举例处。根据句 (7)可知，在礼貌用语中，与 “排泄 ”相关的词在英文中 也被认为是应该避免的，人们不会说 “去厕所 ”，而是会使用一些委婉语来替代，例如： “to fix ones face”“to freshen up”等，因此空白处应填入fix ones face。 【知识模块】 讲座 8 【正确答案】 proud 【试题解析】 本题设题点在对比处。涉及 “晚年，老年 ”方面，中美文化有很大的差异，句 (8一 1)表明 Chinese is proud of being old；而句 (82)表明 Americans are afraid of becoming old， 即中国人为
45、年龄增长而自豪，美国人却害怕变老。故答案为 proud。 【知识模块】 讲座 9 【正确答案】 the heavy side 【试题解析】 本题设题点在举例处。涉及 “肥胖 ”方面，西方国家将 fat比作是stupid的代名词，所以有很多相应的委婉语，即句 (9)： The euphemism of“fat”is“weightwatcher”in English And people say“heavyset”or“onthe heavy side”to express euphemistic sense由此可知，答案为 the heavy side。 【知识模块】 讲座 10 【正确答案】
46、accumulation 【试题解析】 本题设题点在递进关系处。在讲座最后，作者总结了委婉语的功能，即句 (10)： It is not only the grease of language， but alsothe accumulation of social culture可见，委婉语不仅是语言的润滑剂，而且还是社会文化的积淀，故答案为 accumulation。 【知识模块】 讲座 10 【听力原文】 The Complexities of Reading Good morning, everyone, welcome to my lecture. This is the first
47、of six lectures which Ive entitled “ The Mysteries of Reading and Writing“. Tonight Id like to open the subject up by asking a series of questions and suggesting possible answers to some of them. The answers to other questions will emerge during the course of later lectures. Or at least thats the pl
48、an. We take reading for granted. Once weve gained basic literacy, our competence increases with practice and we dont think much about it until we attempt to help someone else to learn to read. Then were struck by what a long and difficult process learning to read is. And indeed how difficult it is to define. In France, in Burgundy, this summer I was struck by a sign directing people to a “ Station de lecture du paysage“ A Post for Reading the Landscape. Reading is also a very complex and in some way mysteriou
