1、专业英语八级（翻译）模拟试卷 62及答案与解析 SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE Directions: Translate the following text into Chinese. 1 Having established the (social) nature of man and the consequent necessity for social existence, Adams proceeded to analyze the nature of society. All men have one common nature and from tha
2、t may be inferred equal rights and duties. “ But equal ranks and equal property can never be inferred from it, any more than equal understanding, agility, vigor or beauty. Equal laws are all that ever can be derived from human equality. “ In every state God has implanted inequalities which no legisl
3、ator can erase. No two objects are perfectly alike; no two creatures are perfectly equal. “The people in all nations are naturally divided into two sorts, the gentlemen and the simple men, a word which is here chosen to signify the common people. “ The factors which cause this division of society ar
4、e essentially threefold-inequality of wealth, inequality of birth, and inequality of merit. By virtue of these factors are the few separated from the many, the natural aristocracy from the common people. The basis of a natural aristocracy rests upon the possession of influence. “ By aristocracy, I u
5、nderstand all those men who can command, influence or procure more than an average of votes; by an aristocrat, every man who can and will influence one man to vote besides himself. “ 2 Competition considered as the main thing in life is too grim, too tenacious, too much a matter of taut muscles and
6、intent will, to make a possible basis of life for more than one or two generations at most. After that length of time it must produce nervous fatigue, various phenomena of escape, a pursuit of pleasures as tense and as difficult as work ( since relaxing has become impossible ) , and in the end a dis
7、appearance of the stock through sterility. It is not only work that is poisoned by the philosophy of competition; leisure is poisoned just as much. The kind of leisure which is quiet and restoring to the nerves comes to be felt boring. There is bound to be continual acceleration of which the natural
8、 termination would be drugs and collapse. The cure for this lies in admitting the part of sane and quiet enjoyment in a balanced ideal of life. 3 I was slow to understand the deep grievances of women. This was because, as a boy, I had envied them. Before college, the only people I had ever known who
9、 were interested in art or music or literature, the only ones who read books, the only ones who ever seemed to enjoy a sense of ease and grace were the mothers and daughters. Like the menfolk, they fretted about money, they scrimped and made-do. But, when the pay stopped coming in, they were not the
10、 omens who had failed. Nor did they have to go to war, and that seemed to me a blessed fact. By comparison with the narrow, ironclad days of fathers, there was an expansiveness, I thought, in the days of mothers. They went to see neighbors, to shop in town, to run errands at school, at the library,
11、at church. No doubt, had I looked harder at their lives, I would have envied them less. It was not my fate to become a woman, so it was easier for me to see the graces. Few of them held jobs outside the home, and those who did filled thankless roles as clerks and waitresses. I didnt see, then, what
12、a prison a house could be, since houses seemed to me brighter, handsomer places than any factory. I did not realizebecause such things were never spoken ofhow often women suffered from mens bullying. 4 Perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its originality of persp
13、ective. Satire rarely offers original ideas. Instead, it presents the familiar in a new form. Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies. What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish harmful, or affected. Satire jars us out of complac
14、ence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false. Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd; Brave New World ridicules the pretensions of science; A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism. None of these ideas is original. Ch
15、ivalry was suspected before Cervantes, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley, and people were aware of famine before Swift. It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular. It was the manner of expression, the satiric method, that made them inte
16、resting and entertaining. Satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive. They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions. With spontaneo
17、us irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition, and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude. Satire exists because there is need for it. It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder t
18、hat they live in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy. Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth, though rarely to any action on behalf of truth. Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is sanctimo
19、nious, sentimental, and only partially true. Life resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it. 5 It would be unjust to suppose that the patriotism and the zeal that every American displays for the welfare of his fellow citizens are wholly insincere. Although private interest directs th
20、e greater part of human actions in the United States as well as elsewhere, it does not regulate them all. I must say that I have often seen Americans make great and real sacrifices to the public welfare; and I have noticed a hundred instances in which they hardly ever failed to lend faithful support
21、 to one another. The free institutions which the inhabitants of the United States possess, and the political rights of which they make so much use, remind every citizen, and in a thousand ways, that he lives in society. They every instant impress upon his mind the notion that it is the duty as well
22、as the interest of men to make themselves useful to their fellow creatures; and as he sees no particular ground of animosity to them, since he is never either their master or their slave, his heart readily leans to the side of kindness. Men attend to the interests of the public, first by necessity,
23、afterwards by choice; what was intentional becomes an instinct, and by dint of working for the good of ones. 专业英语八级（翻译）模拟试卷 62答案与解析 SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE Directions: Translate the following text into Chinese. 1 【正确答案】 人本质上具有社会性，因此人的存在必然也具有社会性，在确定了这两点之后，亚当斯进一步分析了社会的本质。所有人的本性都是相同的，据此可以得出，所有人都拥有
24、平等的权利和义务。 “但是这并不意味着所有人都拥有同等的理解力、敏捷度、精力或者美貌，也不意味着所有人都级别平等 ，财产相当。人人平等只意味着法律面前人人平等 ”。在每个方面上帝都制造了不平等，立法者是不可能消除的。没有两个物体是完全相似的；没有两个生物是完全平等的。“在所有国家，人可以自然地分为两类，高贵的人和一般的人， 一般的人 在这里是指普通人 ”。造成这种社会分类的原因主要有三个方面 财富的不平等、出身的不平等以及能力的不平等。由于这些原因，少数一些人从大多数人中分离出来，世袭的贵族从普通民众中分离出来。而世袭的贵族是以其所拥有的影响力的大小为基础的。 【试题解析】 1第一句中的 Ha
25、ving established the(social)nature of man and the consequent necessity for socialexistence是现在分词短语作状语，最好把其中的两个名词性短语拆出来先翻译，翻译成汉语短句 “人本质上具有社会性，因此人的存在必然也具有社会性，在确定了这两点之后 ” 。如果不这样处理，按照原文顺序翻，则译后的句子很长，不符合汉语的表达习惯。 2第二句中的 equal rights and duties在此应该增译，翻译成 “所有人都拥有平等的权利和义务 ”，否则意思表达 不完整。同样，下文中的 equal ranks and e
26、qual property， equalunderstanding， agility， vigor or beauty也应该这样处理，翻译时增加 “所有人都拥有 ” 。 3第三句中的 can never be ， any more than 结构，意思是 “ 并不能 ， 也不能 ” 。 4第四句中的 Equal laws，不能按照字面直接翻译成 “平等的法律 ”，其意思实际上是 “法律面前人人平等 ”。 5第八句中的 merit，在此词义比较生僻，应该翻译为 “能力 ”，而不是 “优点，美德 ”。 6第九句中的 natural aristocracy， natural在此意思是 “天生的，生而
27、具有的，天赋的 ”，可以翻译成 “世袭的 (贵族 )”。 【知识模块】 英译汉 2 【正确答案】 竞争如果被当作生活的主要内容，就会过于残忍、过于顽固、过于引发肌肉紧绷和意志集中。因此，在最多一代或两代后，它就不再能够成为生活的基础。那段时间之后，它一定会产生疲劳、产生各种逃避现象、产生对享乐如同对工作般的紧张而艰难的追求 (由于放松变得不可能 )，最后导致种族由于不孕而消失。不仅是工作受到 竞争哲学的毒害；休闲也受到同样程度的毒害。那种安静和对神经具备恢复性的休闲变得让人感到无聊。加速运转肯定会持续，其自然结果是药物和崩溃。治愈方法在于，在 “保持生活平衡 ”的观念之下，接受健全而宁静的那部
28、分乐趣。 【试题解析】 1第一句很长，逻辑关系也比较复杂，理清关系之后，翻译时要适当添加一些成分，使句子通顺。 “如果 ”和 “因此 ”这两个连词的增加，使译文句子的逻辑关系更加明了，也把句子恰当地断开。 2第二句中， produce是 “产生 ”的意思。 produce nervous fatigue， various phenomena of escape， a pursuit of pleasures中几个并列宾语直接译出即可， “产生疲劳、产生各种逃避现象、产生对享乐的追求 ”。 pursuit一词在句子中还有一串后置的定语 as tense and as difficult as w
29、ork，译文中换成前置的修饰语 “如同对工作般的紧张而艰难的追求 ”。 “stock”本义指 “家畜 ”，这里指 “人类 ”； “through sterility”这里翻译成 “由于不孕 ”，不能翻译成 “通过不孕 ”，否则意思就变了。 3第三句相对简单些，句子 没那么长，由两个分句组成，直接译出即可。注意just as much指 “同样程度地 ”。 4第四句中，定语从句译成形容词作定语放到名词主语前面。 The kind of leisure which is quietand restoring to the nerves译为 “那种安静和对神经具备恢复性的休闲 ”； be felt
30、boring意思是 “让人感到无聊 ”。 5第五句中， is bound to表示 “一定，肯定 ”的意思； There is bound to be continual acceleration译成 “加速运转肯定会持续 ”。 6最后一句中， lies in用 “存在于 ”表示。句末状语 in a balanced ideal of life在译文中提到谓语前更符合汉语将重点放在句尾的表达习惯。 【知识模块】 英译汉 3 【正确答案】 像男人一样，女人也为钱发愁，也省吃俭用，凑合度日。但是，如果家里断了收入，问题并非出在她们身上。她们也用不着去 外面打拼，这在我看来是一桩幸事。跟做父亲的那种
31、拥挤、刻板的生活相比，我觉得做母亲的日子过得比较宽松自在。她们上邻居家串门，去城里买东西，到学校、图书馆、教堂跑跑腿儿。当然，我若是对她们的生活观察得敏锐一些，就不会那么羡慕她们了。我命中注定不是女人，因而更容易发现女人悠闲的一面。她们很少有人外出做工，即使有去做工的，也是做些诸如文书和女招待之类的吃力不讨好的差事。那时候，我还意识不到家会多像一座监狱，因为在我看来，家比哪座工厂都要亮堂美观。 【试题解析】 1画线部分第一句中的 fretted about意为 “发愁 ”； scrimped有“精打细算，节省 ”之意。 2画线部分第二句中的 omens本义为 “征兆，预兆 ”，这里需进行词义引
32、申。根据上下文含义，将 they were not the omens who had failed译为 “问题并非出在她们身上 ”。 3画线部分第四句中的 ironclad意为 “刻板的 ”； expansiveness本义为 “广阔的 ”，这里与前面的 narrow， ironclad形成对比，引申为 “宽松自在 ”。 4画线部分第六句使用了虚拟语气，从句中省略了 if，翻译时注意语气。 5画线部分 第八句中的 thankless roles意为 “吃力不讨好的角色 ”。 【知识模块】 英译汉 4 【正确答案】 人们读讽刺文学是因为它在美学上是令人心满意足的艺术作品，并非因为它在道德上的完
33、美无瑕或者在伦理上的有所启发。讽刺文学趣味盎然，令人耳目一新，因为它只是运用简单常识，辛言辣语，便将各种想入非非和人云亦云的观点一扫而光。讽刺文学生性不恭，它重塑视角，把人们耳熟能详的东西吊诡地拼凑在一起，其语言通常个性鲜明，绝非空洞乏味的老生常谈。 讽刺文学之所以存在是因为人们需要它。它之所以存续 至今是因为读者喜欢用耳目一新的刺激和不事恭迎的提示来提醒自己，他们所生活的世界充满了陈腐的思想，低俗的道德，和愚蠢的哲学。讽刺文学的作用是让人领会真理，尽管它很少代表真理促成行动。讽刺文学告诉人们，他们在大众媒体中看到、听到、读到的往往虚伪矫饰，多愁善感，只有一部分是确凿事实。生活只在很小的程度上
34、与大众的想象相似。 【试题解析】 1画线部分第一段第一句的 Satires are read应把被动语态变为主动语态，主语变为 “人们 ”；汉语中非特指的第三人称类指多用单数，故文中指代讽刺文学的 they和 them宜根据汉语表达习惯，译为 “它 ”。 2画线部分第一段第二句中的 stimulating在本文中并非 “激人兴奋 ”之意，应取“趣味盎然 ”之意。 3画线部分第二段第二句中，应格外注意代词的前后照应，英文用 they来指代前文中出现的读者，但翻译成汉语，应依照汉语习惯，增译为 “他们自己 ”。 【知识模块】 英译汉 5 【正确答案】 我们不应认为美国人的爱国精神及他们对同胞福利所
35、显示出的热情完全是虚伪的。虽然美国人的大部分行为受个人利益的支配，在这一点上其他国家也并无不同，但个人利益不能支配他们全部的 行为。我必须说，我经常见到这样的美国人，他们确实为公共福利做出了巨大的牺牲，我也曾亲眼见过很多事例，美国人总能给彼此提供忠实的帮助。美国人有自由的制度，可以充分使用诸多政治权利，这一切以多种多样的方式提醒着每一个美国公民，他们生活在一个社会之中。美国人时刻牢记这一理念：帮助同胞既是责任所在，也与自己的利益相符合。美国人没有原因彼此憎恨，因为他们既不是别人的主人，也不是别人的奴隶，他们的心自然而然地怀有善意。 【试题解析】 1画线部分第一句出现了双重否定结构，翻译时既可直
36、译也可意译。在翻译此句时，应该 在句首增译 “我们 ”，以保证整段文字的完整性和连贯性。 2画线部分第二句中的 as well as elsewhere，在翻译时应该将该句补充完整，保证译文清晰流畅，译为 “在这一点上其他国家也并无不同 ”。 3画线部分第三句中的 make great and real sacrifices如果译为 “做出巨大而真实的牺牲 ”不符合中文习惯，译者将其处理成 “确实做出了巨大牺牲 ”，用 “确实 ”来体现原文中 real一词的含义。 4画线部分第四句中的 a thousand ways是虚指，可译为 “多种多样的方式 ”。 5画线 部分第五句翻译时应注意断句，其中 readily指 “容易地，不费事地 ”，此处可译为 “自然而然地 ”。 【知识模块】 英译汉
