1、专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷 106及答案与解析 SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS In this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A , B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. 0 (1)Cr
2、iminology has treated womens role in crime with a large measure of indifference. The intellectual tradition from which criminology derives its conception of these sexes maintains esteem for mens autonomy, intelligence and force of character while disdaining women for their weaknesses of compliance a
3、nd passivity. Women who conform as pure, obedient daughters, wives and mothers benefit men and society. Those women who dont, that is are non-conforming, may simply be one who questions established beliefs or practices, or one who engages in activities associated with men, or one who commits a crime
4、. These women are doubly damned and doubly deviant. They are seen as “mad“ not “bad“. These behaviors frequently lead to interpretations of being mentally abnormal and unstable. Those doing the defining, by the very act, are never defined as “other“, but are the norm. As “men“ are the norm, women ar
5、e deviant. Women are defined in reference to men. In the words of Young, “sexual difference is one of the ways in which normal is marked out from deviant“. So why do these differences exist within the criminal justice system and society as a whole? In order to understand why offending and punishment
6、 differs between genders it is important to acknowledge and analyze past perceptions, theories and perspectives from predominant sociologists and criminologists of that time towards women in society. (2)Up until the turn of the century, women were primarily perceived as sexual objects and expected t
7、o remain within male dominated ideologies such as homemaker, career and nurturer taking second place after men. Women who strayed from the norm were severely punished, void of any opportunities to explain their actions. Perhaps interventions from Elizabeth Fry in the early nineteenth century campaig
8、ning for women to be housed in separate prisons from men and offered rehabilitation could be marked as the starting point for intense studies being conducted into relationships between women and crime. The conception at that time was that women must be protected from, rather than held responsible fo
9、r their criminal actions. Unfortunately, such intervention only caused coaxing rather than coercion, that is, women became segregated even more as individual members of their community. (3)Later in the late nineteenth century, Lombroso and Ferrero wrote a book called, The Female Offender. Their theo
10、ries were based on “atavism“. Atavism refers to the belief that all individuals displaying anti-social behavior were biological throwbacks. The born female criminal was perceived to have the criminal qualities of the male plus the worst characteristics of women. According to Lombroso and Ferrero, th
11、ese included deceitful-ness, cunning and spite among others and were not apparent among males. This appeared to indicate that criminal women were genetically more male than female, therefore biologically abnormal. Criminality in men was a common feature of their natural characteristics, whereby wome
12、n, their biologically-determined nature was antithetical to crime. Female social deviants or criminals who did not act according to pre-defined standards were diagnosed as pathological and requiring treatment, they were to be “cured“ or “removed“. (4)Other predominant theorists such as Thomas and la
13、ter, Pollack, believed that criminality was a pathology and socially induced rather than biologically inherited. As Thomas says, “the girl as a child does not know she has any particular value until she learns it from others“. Pollack believed, “it is the learned behavior from a very young age that
14、leads girls into a masked character of female criminality“, that is, how it was and still is concealed through under-reporting and low detection rates of female offenders. He further states, “in our male-dominated culture, women have always been considered strange, secretive and sometimes dangerous“
15、. A greater leniency towards women by police and the justice system needs to be addressed especially if a “true“ equality of genders is to be achieved in such a complicated world. (5)Although it may be true that society has changed since the days of Lombroso and Ferrero, past theories appear to rema
16、in within much of todays criminal justice system. Women have so many choices of which they didnt before. It would appear naive to assume that women and crime may be explained by any one theory. Any crime for mat matter, whether male or female, may not be explained by any one theory. It is an establi
17、shed and non-arguable fact that males and females differ biologically and sociological influences, such as gender-specific role-playing appears to continue within most families. Its a matter of proportion not difference. According to Edwards, “the enemy is within every woman, but is not her reproduc
18、tive biology, rather it is the habit regarding it into which she has been led by centuries of male domination“. (6)Many argue, the main culprit for aggression as seen in many men is “testosterone“. This hormone appears responsible for much of the male crime, even in todays society of increased knowl
19、edge on the subject. In contrast, extensive research over the past twenty-five years done on the testosterone/aggression link focusing on prenatal testosterone predisposing boys to be rougher than girls, concluded it was very difficult to show any connection between testosterone and aggressive behav
20、ior. Cross-cultural studies of ninety-five societies revealed forty-seven percent of them were free of rape while at least thirty-three societies were free of war and interpersonal violence was extremely rare. Based on these studies, it may be evident to suggest that sociological factors and environ
21、mental influences appear to have greater credibility in explaining criminal behavior, whether male or female. (7)As most women commit crimes of a lesser violent nature such as shop-lifting, leniency is given to them from law enforcement officers and judges. It is true that many women use their “femi
22、ninity“ to their advantage which makes it very difficult to argue equal rights for both sexes. This unequal position of women in society due to social oppression and economic dependency on men and me state, needs to be addressed. 1 What is the main idea of the first paragraph? （ A） The tradition thi
23、nks that men are self-controlled and clever. （ B） Women who do not conform will be punished or commit a crime. （ C） Defining of the norm is in reference to mens activities. （ D） Women criminals are treated with indifference before the law. 2 What can we learn about the Elizabeth Fry Campaign in the
24、early nineteenth century? （ A） The intervention made women become individual member of their society. （ B） The intervention from the campaign made women responsible for their actions. （ C） It aroused great interest about the relationships between women and crime. （ D） It was a movement for women to
25、be imprisoned with men during that time. 3 The word “rehabilitation“ in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to _. （ A） restoration （ B） freedom （ C） boldness （ D） responsibility 4 The women used to be expected in the male-dominated society as all the following EXCEPT _. （ A） homemakers （ B） s
26、ubmissive daughters （ C） women of character （ D） devoted mothers 5 What might be the best title for this passage? （ A） Women and Men Criminals （ B） The Cause of Female Criminality （ C） The Sex Prejudice Against Women （ D） The Social Status of Women 5 (1)When Maggie was gone to sleep, Stephen, weary
27、too with his unaccustomed amount of rowing and with the intense inward life of the last twelve hours, but too restless to sleep, walked and lounged about the deck, with his cigar, far on into midnight, not seeing me dark water hardly conscious mere were stars living only in the near and distant futu
28、re. At last fatigue conquered restlessness, and he rolled himself up in a piece of tarpaulin on me deck near Maggies feet. (2)She had fallen asleep before nine, and had been sleeping for six hours before me faintest hint of a midsummer daybreak was discernible. She awoke from that vivid dreaming whi
29、ch makes the margin of our deeper rest. She was in a boat on the wide water wim Stephen, and in the gathering darkness something like a star appeared, mat grew and grew till they saw it was me Virgin seated in St. Oggs boat, and it came nearer and nearer till they saw the Virgin was Lucy and me boat
30、man was Philip, who rowed past without looking at her; and she rose to stretch out her arms and call to him, and their own boat turned over with the movement and they began to sink, till with one spasm of dread she seemed to awake and find she was a child again in the parlour at evening twilight. Fr
31、om the soothed sense of that false waking she passed to the real waking, to the plash of water against the vessel, and me sound of a footstep on the deck, and the awful starlit sky. There was a moment of utter bewilderment before her mind could get disentangled from the confused web of dreams; but s
32、oon the whole terrible truth urged itself upon her. Stephen was not by her now: she was alone wim her own memory and her own dread. (3)The irrevocable wrong that must blot her life had been committed she had brought sorrow into the lives of others into the lives that were knit up with hers by trust
33、and love. The feeling of a few short weeks had hurried her into the sins her nature had most recoiled from breach of faith and cruel selfishness; she had rent me ties that had given meaning to duty, and had made herself an outlawed soul wim no guide but the wayward choice of her own passion. And whe
34、re would mat lead her? Where had it led her now? She had said she would rather die man fall into that temptation. She felt it now now that the consequences of such a fall had come before the outward act was completed. There was at least this fruit from all her years of striving after the highest and
35、 best that her soul, though betrayed, beguiled, ensnared, could never deliberately consent to a choice of the lower. (4)Her life with Stephen could have no sacredness: she must for ever sink and wander vaguely, driven by uncertain impulse; for she had let go me clue of life that clue which once in t
36、he far off years her young need had clutched so strongly. She had renounced all delights men, before she knew mem, before they had come within her reach: Philip had been right when he told her mat she knew nothing of renunciation: she had thought it was quiet ecstasy; she saw it face to face now tha
37、t sad patient living strength which holds me clue of life, and saw mat the thorns were for ever pressing on its brow. That yesterday which could never be revoked if she could exchange it now for any length of inward silent endurance she would have bowed beneath that cross with a sense of rest. (5)Da
38、y break came and me reddening eastern light, while her past life was grasping her in this way, with that tightening clutch which comes in the last moments of possible rescue. She could see Stephen now lying on the deck still fast asleep, and wim the sight of him there came a wave of anguish that fou
39、nd its way in a long-suppressed sob. The worst bitterness of parting the thought mat urged me sharpest inward cry for help was the pain it must give to him. But surmounting everything was the horror at her own possible failure, the dread lest her conscience should be benumbed again, and not rise to
40、energy till it was too late. Too late! it was too late already not to have caused misery; too late for everything, perhaps, but to rush away from the last act of baseness the tasting of joys that were wrung from crushed hearts. (6)The sun was rising now, and Maggie started up with the sense that a d
41、ay of resistance was beginning for her. Her eyelashes were still wet with tears, as, with her shawl over her head, she sat looking at the slowly rounding sun. Something roused Stephen too, and getting up from his hard bed, he came to sit beside her. The sharp instinct of anxious love saw something t
42、o give him alarm in the very first glance. He had a hovering dread of some resistance in Maggies nature that he would be unable to overcome. He had the uneasy consciousness that he had robbed her of perfect freedom yesterday; there was too much native honor in him, for him not to feel that, if her w
43、ill should recoil, his conduct would have been odious, and she would have a right to reproach him. 6 The passage seems to suggest that Maggie _. （ A） was tired of boating with Stephen （ B） hated staying isolated from others （ C） had some good feelings for Philip （ D） dropped into the water without w
44、aking 7 Whats the role of the second and third paragraphs in the development of the topic? （ A） To describe how Maggie was wondering in her dreams. （ B） To describe how Maggie did in her everyday life. （ C） To offer supporting details to the preceding paragraph. （ D） To provide a contrast to the pre
45、vious and latter paragraphs. 8 From the description in the passage, we learn that _. （ A） Maggie and Stephen were in the same boat （ B） Maggie did not have a good rest in her sleep （ C） Maggie was selfish and intended to hurt others （ D） Maggie did not want to harvest great love 9 From the fourth pa
46、ragraph, we can know that _. （ A） Maggie did not have as good feeling for Stephen as for Philip （ B） Maggie did not really lose her courage to pursue her dreams （ C） Maggies inner world was reflected during her dream （ D） Maggie had a dream with many complicated plots 10 The author intends to presen
47、t the reader with an analysis of Maggies _. （ A） dream （ B） personality （ C） regret （ D） psychology 10 (1)An outstanding example of social conditioning to accept change, even when it is recognized as unwelcome change by the large population group in the sights of Stanford Research Institute, was the
48、 “advent“ of the BEATLES. The Beatles were brought to the United States as part of a social experiment which would subject large population groups to brainwashing of which they were not even aware. (2)When Tavistock brought the Beatles to the United States nobody could have imagined the cultural dis
49、aster that was to follow in their wake. The Beatles were an integral part of “THE AQUARIAN CONSPIRACY“, a living organism which sprang from “THE CHANGING IMAGES OF MAN“, policy report prepared by SRI Center for the study of Social Policy, Director, Professor Willis Harmon. (3)The phenomenon of the Beatles was not a spontaneous rebellion by youth against the old social system. Instead it was a carefully crafted plot to introduce by a conspiratorial body which could not be identified, a highly destructive and divisive element int
