1、专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷 44及答案与解析 0 Can Milk Make You Happy? Can Fish Make You Smart? Hippocrates, the “Father of Medicine“, said, “Let your food be your medicine, and let your medicine be your food. “ For a Greek born in the fifth century B.C. , Hippocrates was wise beyond his time. Today, we know that a low
2、 fat diet strengthens the immune system and reduces the risk of cancer and heart disease. But theres more to the story. New evidence suggests that food may influence how healthy people think and feel. Were he alive today, Hippocrates might look back to his last meal to explain his cheerful or sour m
3、ood. He might also change his eating habits to become happier or smarter. How does food affect mood and mind? The answer may lie in the chemistry of the brain and nervous system. Molecules called neurotransmitters are chemical messengers. They carry a nerve impulse across the gap between nerve cells
4、. The release of neurotransmitters from one neuron to receptor sites on another keep a nerve impulse moving. Nerve impulses carry messages from the environment to the brain, for example, the pain you feel when you strike your toe against an obstacle. They also carry messages in the other direction,
5、from the brain to the muscles. Thats why you back away immediately and exclaim, “Ouch!“ “Many neurotransmitters are built from the foods we eat,“ says neuroscientist Eric Chudler of the University of Washington. Too little or too much of a particular nutrient in the diet can affect their production,
6、 Chudler says. For example, tryptophan from foods such as yogurt, milk, bananas, and eggs is required for the production of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Dozens of neurotransmitters are known; hundreds may exist. Their effects depend on their amounts and where they work in the brain. The neurotran
7、smitter serotonin, for example, is thought to produce feelings of calmness and relaxation. Drugs that prevent its return back (into the neuron that released it) are prescribed to treat depression. In at least some healthy, non depressed people, carbohydrate foods seem to enhance serotonin production
8、 and produce similar effects. “It is the balance between different neurotransmitters that helps regulate mood,“ Chudler says. Choline is a substance similar to the B vitamins. Its found in peanuts, milk and seafood. To test the effects of choline on memory and learning, researchers at the Massachuse
9、tts Institute of Technology gave memory tests to college students before increasing the amount of choline in their subjects diets. Later, they retested. On the average, memories were better, and the students learned a list of unrelated words more easily. Theres a lot to learn, and future research ma
10、y reveal more about the chemistry of mood, brain, and nutrition. Until then, it makes sense to choose healthy foods that nourish both body and mind. If he were alive today, a smart and happy Hippocrates might be spotted buying skinless turkey at the supermarket or chewing broccoli from the salad bar
11、. 1 A person most probably got advice from Hippocrates on how to_. （ A） get rid of an illness （ B） get out of a bad mood （ C） have a sharper mind （ D） keep a balanced diet 2 It can be inferred that nerve impulse_. （ A） carries a chemical message （ B） can move to and from the brain （ C） can be a sour
12、ce of pain （ D） can release neurotransmitters 3 Which of the following is true according to Paragraphs 3 and 4? （ A） Those suffering from depression have too much serotonin. （ B） Neurotransmitters are a part of the brain. （ C） Balanced diet may help regulate the mood. （ D） Carbohydrate foods contain
13、 comparatively more serotonin. 4 One can enhance his brainpower by_. （ A） enhancing his serotonin quantity （ B） adjusting his diet （ C） taking regular tests （ D） memorizing words 5 Which of the following is closest to the main idea the passage tries to convey? （ A） A balanced diet promotes a healthy
14、 mind. （ B） Mental and physical health lies in food. （ C） The food you eat is the cause of your health problems. （ D） One mans food is another mans poison. 5 Homegrown Isnt Always Best The term “food miles“ how far foot has traveled before you buy it has entered the enlightened lexicon. Environmenta
15、l groups, especially in Europe, are pushing for labels that show how far food has traveled to get to the market, and books like Barbara King-solvers Animal, Vegetable, Miracle: A Year of Food Life contemplate the damage wrought by trucking, shipping and flying food from distant parts of the globe. T
16、here are many good reasons for eating local freshness, purity, taste, community cohesion and preserving open space but none of these benefits compares with the much-touted claim that eating local reduces fossil fuel consumption. On its face, the connection between lowering food miles and decreasing
17、greenhouse gas emissions is a no-brainer. Seventy-five percent of the apples sold in New York City come from the West Coast or overseas, the writer Bill McKibben says, even though the state produces far more apples than city residents consume. In light of this market redundancy, the only reasonable
18、reaction, it seems, is to count food miles the way a dieter counts calories. But is reducing food miles necessarily good for the environment? Researchers at Lincoln University in New Zealand recently published a study challenging the premise that more food miles automatically mean greater fossil fue
19、l consumption. According to this peer reviewed research, compelling evidence suggests that there is more or less to food miles than meets the eye. It all depends on how you wield the carbon calculator. Instead of measuring a products carbon footprint through food miles alone, the Lincoln University
20、scientists expanded their equations to include other en ergy-consuming aspects of production like water use, harvesting techniques, fertilizer outlays, disposal of packaging, storage procedures and dozens of other cultivation inputs. Incorporating these measurements into their assessments, scientist
21、s reached surprising conclusions. Most notably, they found that lamb raised on New Zealands clove-choked pastures and shipped 11,000 miles by boat to Britain produced 1,520 pounds of carbon dioxide emissions per ton while British lamb produced 6, 280 pounds of carbon dioxide per ton, in part because
22、 poorer British pastures force farmers to use feed. These life-cycle measurements are causing environmentalists worldwide to rethink the logic of food miles. New Zealands most prominent environmental research organization, Landcare Research-Manaaki Whenua, explains that localism “ is not always the
23、most environmentally sound solution if more emissions are generated at other stages of the product life cycle than during transport.“ “ Eat local“ advocates a passionate group of which I am one are bound to interpret these findings as a threat. We shouldnt. Not only do life cycle analyses offer genu
24、ine opportunities for environmentally efficient food production, but they also address several problems inherent in the eat-local philosophy. 6 From the text we learn that food miles labels_. （ A） are awarded to environment-friendly products （ B） describe the damage to food caused by transportation
25、（ C） show the amount of fuel consumption during transport （ D） is designed to advocate people to eat locally 7 The word “no-brainer“ (Line 8, Para. 2) probably means something_. （ A） that is hard to imagine （ B） that lacks intelligence or good sense （ C） that is characterized by originality （ D） tha
26、t requires little thought 8 Which of the following is true about the research responding to food miles labeling? （ A） It takes no account of the environmental cost in transportation. （ B） It proves imported foods is more energy-efficient than a homegrown one. （ C） It reveals the limitation of food l
27、ocalism. （ D） It destroys the basis of the eat-local philosophy. 9 We can learn from the text that the author_. （ A） is still a firm advocate of eating local （ B） becomes a supporter of food travelling （ C） accepts that transport is not necessarily harmful to the environment （ D） believes that life
28、cycle analysis truly measures the environmental impact of eating 10 What might be the best title of the text? （ A） Homegrown Isnt Always Best. （ B） Food Miles Debate Heats Up. （ C） Why Should Localism Be Abandoned? （ D） Possible Solutions-Life Cycle Analysis. 10 Cellphones Aloft:The Inevitable Is Cl
29、oser The day may finally be coming when you will be allowed to make calls on your own cellphone from an airliner. Trouble is, so will the passengers sitting on either side of you, and in front and in back of you, as well. Federal regulators plan next week to begin considering rules that would end th
30、e official ban on cellphone use on commercial flights. Technical challenges and safety questions remain. But if the ban is lifted, one of the last protections of relative social silence would disappear, forcing strangers to work out the rough manners of involuntary eavesdropping in a confined space.
31、 “For some people, the idea of being able to pick up their phone is going to be liberating; for some its going to drive them crazy,“ said Addison Schonland, a travel industry consultant at the Innovation Analysis Group in La Jolla, California. “Can you imagine 200 people having a conversation at onc
32、e? Theres going to be a big market for noise-canceling headphones.“ The always-on-the-road business travelers may become the worst offenders, predicted Roger Entner, a telecommunications analyst with the Yankee Group and a frequent flier. “Businessmen will now compete with kids for the title of most
33、 annoying in the airplane,“ Mr. Entner said. It may be years before cellphones become widely used in the skies Conventional cellphones, besides raising concerns about interfering with cockpit communications, typically do not work at altitudes above 10,000 feet or so. But some airlines have already b
34、egun their own tests of technology meant to make cellphone use feasible at 35,000 feet. They know that the seatback phones they now oiler, costing $ 1.99 a minute or more, have never really caught on. The airlines also know that, while illegal, surreptitious cellphone use at lower altitudes is alrea
35、dy common. Airline attendants have caught some passengers using cellphones in airplane lavatories, and others have been spotted huddled in their seats, whispering into their cupped hands. A major federal effort to revisit the rules will begin next Wednesday at a Federal Communications Commission mee
36、ting, where the agency is expected to approve two measures. One, an order that is expected to be adopted, would try to introduce more price competition among phone companies to offer telephone and high-speed Internet services from the seatback and end-of-aisle phones that are now on many planes. The
37、 second measure will begin the regulatory process of considering whether there are technical solutions to some of the current obstacles to passengers using their own mobile phones on planes. 11 “Involuntary eavesdropping“ might become a widely concerned problem because_. （ A） business travelers have
38、 no habit of keeping social silence （ B） everybody will be talking using their cellphones （ C） there is no recognized etiquette concerning this issue （ D） the space is small and the number of passengers is large 12 From the passage, it can be inferred that will be happy if the ban is lifted_. （ A） f
39、ederal government （ B） frequent travelers （ C） airlines （ D） earphone manufacturers 13 Some airlines start testing the technology to make cellphone usable at 35,000 feet because （ A） their expensive seatback phones have not been feasible （ B） cellphones interfere with the planes communication system
40、 （ C） they want to tackle such a difficult technological issue （ D） they have recognized the trend of in-flight cellphone use 14 It can be inferred from the passage that_. （ A） technical problems remain the largest obstacle in using phones in skies （ B） people seldom use seatback phones in planes be
41、cause of the quality （ C） airlines might be the first to solve the high-altitude problem （ D） some people might stop traveling by air because of involuntary eavesdropping 15 The author seems to be about using cellphones in the airlines _ （ A） optimistic （ B） pessimistic （ C） concerned （ D） indiffere
42、nt 15 You Call It Music, They Call It an Air Raid Songs can have a powerful effect on people. Play “ Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves“ to many baby boomers, for example, and chances are theyll run off, hands over their ears. Songs can have a powerful effect among birds, too. Consider the black-capped chi
43、ckadee. When it sings its “ chick-a-dee“ song, its flock mates come running. The song is a warning that a hawk, owl or other predator is moving nearby, and the other chickadees arrive to harass the enemy until it leaves. Researchers from the University of Montana have discovered that this warning ca
44、ll is a coded signal. By varying the call, a bird communicates to other birds the size of the predator, and thus the scope of the danger. “ This is so far the most finely detailed alarm call system that weve found,“ said the lead researcher, Christopher N. Templeton, who is now a doctoral student at
45、 the University of Washington. The findings appear in the current issue of the journal Science. Mr.Templeton and his colleagues exposed chickadees to 15 different species of predators and recorded and analyzed the calls the birds made. In addition to “chick-a-dee“, the birds make a high-pitched “sec
46、t“ call when they spy a predator flying in the air. Upon hearing this call, the other birds either dive for cover or remain motionless so as not to be spotted. But its the “chick-a-dee“ call that the researchers focused on. “They change a number of different features about these calls,“ Mr. Templeto
47、n said. “But most are not audible to us except the number of dees at the end.“ They found that the birds varied the number of “dee“ sounds depending on the size of the predator. More “dees“ as many as 21 in one case were sounded for smaller predators like the Northern pygmy owl. Because chickadees a
48、re small and fast, smaller, more quick-moving predators are more of a threat than larger ones. The more “dees“, the more chickadees show up to harass the predator, by dive-bombing it or making noises in its face. “The goal is to drive it out of their territory so that it is no longer a threat,“ Mr.
49、Templeton said. This “mobbing“ response to the calls is probably learned behavior, he said, a way that birds teach their young about risks. “Its a means by which adults tell the kids in the flock, These guys are dangerous,“ Mr. Templeton said. 16 It can be inferred from the article that “Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves“ is_. （ A） Gypsies song （ B） an alarm call to hint at danger （ C） a bad song referring to crimes （ D） a warning that the police is nearby 17 When a black-
