1、专业英语八级（阅读）练习试卷 12及答案与解析 0 What makes for a successful invasion? Often, the answer is to have better weapons than the enemy. And, as it is with people, so it is with plants at least, that is the conclusion of a paper published in Biology Letters by Naomi Cappueeino, of Carleton University, and Thor A
2、rnason, of the University of Ottawa, both in Canada. The phenomenon of alien species popping up unexpected parts of the world has grown over the past few decades as people and goods become more mobile and plant seeds and animal larvae have hitched along for the ride. Most such aliens blend into the
3、ecosystem in which they arrive without too much fuss. (Indeed, many probably fail to establish themselves at all but those failures, of course, are never noticed.) Occasionally, though, something goes bananas and starts ttarts to take the place over, and an invasive species is born. Dr. Cappuceino a
4、nd Dr. Arnason asked themselves why. One hypothesis is that aliens leave their predators behind. Since the predators in their new homelands are not adapted to exploit them, they are able to reproduce unchecked. That is a nice idea, but it does not explain why only certain aliens become invasive. Dr.
5、 Cappuccino and Dr. Amason suspected this might be because native predators are sometimes “pre-adapted“ to the aliens defenees, but in other cases they are not. To test this, they had first to establish a reliable list of invaders. That is not as easy as it sounds. As they observe, “although there a
6、re many lists of invasive species published by governmental agencies, inclusion of a given species in the lists may not be entirely hee of political motivation“. Instead, they polled established researchers in the field of alien species, aski,g each to list ten invasive species and, for comparison,
7、ten aliens that just rubbed along quietly with their neighbours. The result was a list of 21 species widely agreed to be invasive and, for comparison, 18 non-invasive aliens. Having established these lists, they went to the library to find out what was known about the plants chemistry. Their aim was
8、 to find the most prominent chemical weapon in each plant, whether that weapon was directed against insects that might want to eat the plant, bacteria and fungi that might want to infect it, or other plants that might compete for space, water, nutrients and light. Botanists know a lot about which so
9、rts of compounds have what roles, so classifying constituent chemicals in this way was not too hard. The researchers then compared the chemical arsenals of their aliens with those of native North American plants, to see if superior (or, at least, unusual) weapomT was the explanation for the invaders
10、 success. Their hypothesis was that highly invasive species would have chemical weapons not found in native plants, and which pests, parasites and other plants would therefore not have evolved any resistance to. The more benign aliens, by contrast, were predicted to have arsenals also found in at le
11、ast some native species. And so it proved. More than 40% of the invasive species had a chemical unknown to native plants; just over 10% of the non-invasive aliens had such a chemical. Moreover, when they looked at past studies on alien plants that had examined how much such plants suffer from the de
12、predations of herbivorous insects, they found that the extent of the damage reported was significantly conelated with the number of native species with which that alien shared its principal chemical weapon. For alien plants, then, the real secret of success also as in human warfare is surprise. It i
13、s not that the chemicals concerned are more toxic in any general sense (indeed, successful invaders are often rare in their own native habitats). Rather, it is that the locals just dont see them coming. 1 In dozens of years, there are more cases of the invasion of alien species partly because （ A） p
14、lant seeds are resistant to antibiotics. （ B） people tend to hitch a ride. （ C） there are more circulation of goods. （ D） animal larvae become stronger. 2 The expression “something goes bananas“ in Paragraph 2 probably means something （ A） gets bananas. （ B） important happen. （ C） becomes crazy. （ D
15、） frightening happen. 3 The difference between Dr. Cappuccino and Dr. Arnasons hypothesis and the previous one is that （ A） the former mentions native predators of alien species. （ B） the former may account for the invasion of certain aliens. （ C） the latter explains the adaptation of the predators.
16、 （ D） the latter may explore the pre-adaptation of the predators. 4 Which of the following is TRUE of chemical weapons of invasive species? （ A） It is difficult to find the chemical weapons of invasive species. （ B） The most prominent chemical weapons of invaders explain their success. （ C） The less
17、 chemical weapons invaders have, the more benign they become. （ D） Most native plants dont have the same chemical weapons of aliens. 5 According to the text, the success of invasion lies in the fact that the native plants （ A） are unaware of the invasion of alien species. （ B） contain more poisonous
18、 chemicals. （ C） are defeated in plant warfare. （ D） may die out in their own habitats. 5 It is lunehtime at the Chateau de Bellerive, Prinee Sadruddin Aga Khans home on Lake Geneva. His guests are being served the elegant food associated with the princes kitchen. But the prince and his wife Catheri
19、ne are content to have a dish of brown rice and an accompanying salad. Can it be that they are not hungry., or is the price making a gesture: that aithough he is a rich man he has humble tastes? No one is so polite as to ask, but the guests may talk about it later. Sadruddin was disappointed that hi
20、s father did not name him as the next leader. But father apparently believed that his son lived only for pleasure. Sadruddins much publicized life with his first wife Nina, a model, may have made it seem so. “ Myths and labels become attached to people,“ he remarked later, “giving them a reputation
21、that does not always correspond to reality. “It could be that his father had mixed up Sadruddin with his half brother Aly, who was briefly married to Rita Hayworth, a Hollywood star, and was indeed a tearaway. In the event, when the Aga Khan died in 1957, the crown, and the title Aga Khan IV, went t
22、o Sadruddins nephew, the present holder. Sadruddin was then 24. At that age disappointments can usually be overcome, particularly if, like the prince, you have advantages. He had had an elitist education, at Le Rosay in Switzerland and Harvard. He spoke several languages, including French from his m
23、other, a Parisian, and Persian and English from his father. The amount of his persona fortune was unknown but it was certainly adequate. With these assets to sustain him, Sadruddin discovered what was to be his lifes work, to improve the lot of the worlds refugees. Like many people who came to do go
24、od work for the United Nations, Sadruddin drifted into the organization, rather than setting out to make it his career. As a student he started an art collection that eventually became one of the finest in private hands. He became concerned about the fate of Nubian statues threatened by the construc
25、tion of the Aswan High Dam in Egypt, and in 1958 was taken on as an adviser by UNESCO, the UNs cultural branch. He discovered that the dam not only threatened Nubian statues but that some 100, 000 Nubian people were being moved from their traditional homes. People were clearly more important that st
26、atues, however precious. Those Nubians were eventually resettled in Egypt, albeit in inferior territory. In 1959 Sadruddin became an assistant to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and applied to the job the code of morality and responsibility of his faith. He was made deputy high co
27、mmissioner in 1962 and in 1965 at the age of 32 was appointed to the top job. He was good at getting rich countries be generous. Perhaps only a rich man can be successful beggar. The elder George Bush was a friend: they played tennis together. Mr Bush found the urbane European an agreeable contrast
28、to his Texas circle. Sadruddin stepped down after 12 years, the longest any refugee chief has held the job. He seemed the favorite to become the Ns secretary generaL in 1981, but the Soviet Union vetoed his candidature, claiming he was too pro-western, and vetoed his again in 1991. Around that time
29、stories circulate that the prince was a secret agent for the British, using his job as a cover for the intelligence gathering. It was almost certainly nonsense, but the Russians may have believed it. Sadruddin insisted that he had equal sympathies with eastern and western peoples. His description of
30、 himself as “a citizen of the world“ was a fair one. He bore this second big disappointment was the realization of how little had been done tor the worlds poor. In a speech not long ago he said that in 80 countries peoples incomes were lower than they were ten years earlier. The numbers of people in
31、 poverty, earning less than $1 a day, was stuck at 1.2 billion. His meal of brown rice was a heart-felt gesture. Give him that. 6 Prince Sadruddin ate simply because （ A） he had a humble tastes. （ B） he was not hungry. （ C） he intended to show his sympathy with poor people in the world. （ D） he didn
32、t want to show off his richness to his guests. 7 The word “tearaway“ in the second paragraph probably means （ A） an intelligent person. （ B） an inesponsible person. （ C） a mysterious person. （ D） a famous person. 8 Which of the following about Prince Sadruddin is NOT tree? （ A） He was determined to
33、help refugee when he started his work with UN. （ B） Speaking several languages was helpful in his refugee work. （ C） The elder Bush thought he was different from his close American friends. （ D） He was more concerned about people than art. 9 The author is likely to agree that （ A） Sadruddin only sou
34、ght pleasure in his early life. （ B） Sadruddins father didnt pass the crown to him because of misunderstanding. （ C） Prince Sadruddin always supported western countries rather than eastern countries. （ D） Prince Sadruddin achieved little as refugee chief of UN. 10 To Prince Sadruddin, which of the f
35、ollowing was his greatest regret? （ A） Not becoming the leader of Shia Muslin sect. （ B） Resettlement of those Nubians in Egypt. （ C） Not becoming UNs secretary general （ D） Little improvement of the poors situation in the world. 专业英语八级（阅读）练习试卷 12答案与解析 【知识模块】 阅读 1 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 细节题。由题干中的关键词 alien
36、species定位至第二段。首句明确指出：过去的几十年，随着人和货物的流动日益频繁，植物种子和动物幼体也乘机 “搭便车 ”四处播散，世界各地无意间出现了越来越多的外来物种。可见，货物流动增多是外来物种人侵的原因之一，故 C 为答案。 A和 D未提及，排除。这里搭便车的主体是 plant seeds和 animal larvae，并非 people， B属于张冠李戴，排除。 【知识模块】 阅读 2 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 语义题。由题干定位至第二段。第二句指出：这些外来物种大多数都轻而易举地融入了所到之处的生态系统。之后出现了 occasionally一词，这与前文的 most such
37、 aliens构成对比关系，不过，偶尔也有某些物种 goes bananas，开始企图占领原有物种的生长空间，一种入侵物 种就这样形成了。显然这里的 goes bananas与上一句中的 arrive without too much fuss是对比关系， too much fuss的意思是 “太大惊小怪 ”，可以判断 goes bananas这个能够引起人们震惊的物种入侵一定是程度比较重，状态疯狂，这与后面的 trying to take the place over构成衔接 关系，故 C符合语境。 A是对字面肤浅解释，排除； B中的 important是一个中性词，与 take the p
38、lace over无语义联系，排除； D中的 frightening不符合语境，这里没有提到人们对 外来物种是否感到害怕。 【知识模块】 阅读 3 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 推断题。 由题干中的 hypothesis定位至第三段。前两句对其他人的假设进行了解释：有人推 想，外来物种摆脱了原先的掠食者，而在新的 “家园 ”，现有的掠食者又没有发现它们也合口 味，因此这些物种得以肆无忌惮地繁衍。然后指出这一观点的问题：这种观点好是好，不过 没有解释为什么只有特定的外来物种才具有入侵性。该段末句指出 Dr. Cappuccino和 Dr. Arnason的猜测：这可能是因为土生土长的掠食者对外
39、来物种所具有的防御机制有时产生 “预适应 ”，有时又不产生。显然，先前假设存在的问题就是这两个人研究的内容，故 B为 答案。从该段可知，两种假设都提及 predators，排除 A。提到 pre-adapted的是 Dr. Cappuccino 和 Dr. Arnason， D属于张冠李戴，排除；而 C则为该先前假设的部分内容，但无法得 知是否为两种假设的区别所在，排除。 【知识模块】 阅读 4 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 细节题。由题干中的 chemical weapons定位至第五段。第二句指出：他们就到图书馆查询这 些植物的化学性质 ，结合末句的 “植物学家对哪些化合物有哪些作用都了
40、如指掌， 因此这样对化学物质进行分类并不太难 ”可判断 A不符合文意。第六段第二句提到：他们推断，具有高度入侵性的物种拥有本土植物所缺少的 “化学武器 ”，对这种化学武器，害虫、寄生虫及其他植物都不能产生任何抵抗力。 D中的 aliens和 highly invasive species概念不同，无法得出该项结论，排除。末句指出：入侵性较弱的外来物种所具有的 “武器库 ”可能至少同样存在于某些本土物种。这里指的不是 chemical weapons的数量多少，而是本地物种和外来物种是否有同样的武器库影响入侵性，排除 C；从第六 段首句 “然后，为了弄清外来物种的成功入侵是否得益于超级武器，这两
41、位研究人员将已知外来植物的化学武器库同北美土生土长的植物的化学武器库进行了比较。 ”和第七段首句“猜测因而得到了证实。 ”可知 B符合文意，故为答案。 【知识模块】 阅读 5 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 细节题。由题干中的 success定位至末段，最后两句指出外来植物成功入侵的原因：它不在于一般意义上所认为的那样具有毒性更强的化学物质，而是因为本地掠食者根本没有察觉它们的到来。 A符合原文，故为答案； B是对chemicals cobcerned are more toxic in any general sense的曲解，这里说的是一般人认为 “外来物种携带的化学物质毒性强 ”，不是
42、native plants，排除； C和 D原文没有提及，为干扰项。 【知识模块】 阅读 【知识模块】 阅读 6 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 细节题。虽然作者在第一段提出这个问题，但在最后一段才给出答案。虽然他的一生有过两次非常大的遗憾，但是与之相比更让他感觉失望的是他意识到为世界上的穷人做的事情太少，他在之前不久的演 讲中也说到在许多国家人们收入的倒退和贫穷人口数目的巨大。 接着指出 His meal of brown rice was a heartfelt gesture. 答案为 C。 【知识模块】 阅读 7 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 语义题。该词所在第二段的内容是作者在猜测
43、 Sadruddin的父亲对他的种种误解而没有传位于他。所在句子 “It could be that his father had mixed up Sadruddin with his half-brother Aly， who was briefly married to Rita Hayworth，a Hollywood star， and was indeed a tearaway.”可推测 该词应是一个贬义词；他与好莱坞明星短暂的婚姻应该是用于说明他是 tearaway的典型例证，最接近的意义是不负责任，行为鲁莽，答案为 B。 【知识模块】 阅读 8 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】
44、细节题。第三段中讲到能说几种语言使他找到了终身的事业，即改善世界难民境况的因素之一，由此排除 B；第五段最后一句 “Mr Bush found the urbane European an agreeable contrast to his Texas circle” ，排除 C；第四段讲述最初 Sadrllddin是热衷于艺术收藏，关注努比亚雕像而作为颐问参与到联合国的工作中来，而后来他更关注因建坝而被迫流离失所的人。后来他开始从事有关难民的工作，排除 D，答案为 A。 【知识模块】 阅读 9 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 态度题。第六段讲述他没能当选联合国秘书长是因为前苏联认为他亲西方。
45、作者认为把 Sadruddin说成英国间谍是无稽之谈。 Sadrnddin坚持说 he had sympathies wifh eastern and western peoples，并将自己描述为 a citizen of the world，作者认为这个描述是较好的描述 (a fair one)，由此可见，说 Sadruddin倾向西方国家，作者不会同意，排除 C；第六段中在讲到 Sadruddin所做的难民工作时，作者指出 “He was good at getting rieh countries to be generous. Perhaps only a rich man can
46、he a successful beggar. ”这些都是肯定了 Sadruddin作为联合国难民官员的成就，排除 D；第三段讲述 sadruddin的父亲为什么不传位于他， “But father apparently believed that his son lived only for pleasure.”而作者却说“Sadruddins much publicized life with his first wife Nina， a model， may have made it seem so”。并接着引用 Sadruddin本人的话，说明作者并不赞同其父亲的观点，认为是误解。后面又说他的父亲可能把他和他一个厅为鲁莽的同父异母的兄弟弄混了，更说明作者认为他父亲对他有误会。排除 A，答案为 B。 【知识模块】 阅读 10 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 细节题。文章第三段明确指出没有继承王位是 Sadruddin的第一个遗憾，第七段第一句指出，没有当选联合国秘书长是他的第二个遗憾；而更让他遗憾的是他感到为穷人做的事很少，在演讲中说到在 80个国家人们收入比十年前还少，贫穷人口的数目非常区赶。第五段第一句中提到失去家园的努比亚人的安置问题也是有遗憾，但相比较而言，不能算最遗憾的。答案为 D。 【知识模块】 阅读
