1、专业英语四级（公共健康类阅读理解）模拟试卷 1及答案与解析 0 The European Commission said on Thursday it would toughen the regulation of medical devices as a result of concerns raised by breast implants produced by the defunct French company PIP, even as a scientific expert review it ordered concluded there was currently “insuf
2、ficient evidence“ that women using its products faced greater health risks than others. John Dalli, health and consumer policy commissioner, pledged to examine surveillance and operation of the “notified bodies“ that scrutinise medical devices across the EU in a current review of legislation, stress
3、ing: “The capacity to detect and minimise the risk of fraud must be increased.“ His comments followed an official report released on Wednesday in France that called for national and EU-wide co-operation including random inspections and sampling of medical devices to prevent a repeat of the fraudulen
4、t use of substandard non-medical-grade silicone by PIP in implants sold to up to 400,000 women around the world. Xavier Bertrand, Frances minister of health, called for enhanced action in France and across Europe in the wake of the study, which highlighted that Afssaps, the French medical regulator,
5、 did not inspect PIP from 2001 until a tip-off led officials to inspect and close down the company in 2010. Jean-Claude Mas, its founder, is under police investigation for manslaughter. Mr. Bertrand has pledged to hire more health inspectors and undertake random checks on medical device companies fo
6、llowing growing concerns over its regulatory system highlighted by the widespread use of PIPs substandard breast implants. A French decision at the end of last year to offer all women free removal of PIP implants triggered similar proposals in the UK, Germany and the Czech Republic and has helped sp
7、ark a fresh debate over tougher EU regulation of medical devices, which are subject to far less scrutiny than pharmaceuticals. However, a review released on Thursday by the EUs own Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks concluded: “Breast implants can fail, regardless of
8、manufacturer, and the probability of failure increases with time since implantation. In most cases, breast implant failure appears to be without identifiable health consequences for the patient with the exception of possible local complications.“ It stressed that limited data meant that while there
9、was no link between breast implants and cancer, there was a need for further work to understand the specific risks from the PIP products. Mr. Bertrand has endorsed calls for a parliamentary inquiry in France as well as a report from the countrys social affairs inspectorate, mirroring similar moves t
10、hat led to tough new requirements for the pharmaceutical industry introduced last year in the wake of concerns about Serviers drug Mediator. Medical device manufacturers have called for reforms to ensure that the national “notified bodies“ which audit the quality of their products across Europe are
11、of a consistently high standard, while cautioning that tough new regulatory requirements could harm the EUs competitive advantage. The French study showed that Afssaps had received multiple warnings over the relatively high failure rate of PIP implants compared with those made by other companies, ev
12、en though the overall proportion remained modest. From Financial Times, February 2, 2012 1 _is the manufacturer of the breast implants under scrutiny. （ A） European Commission （ B） PIP （ C） Afssaps （ D） Xavier 2 According to the passage, “notified bodies“ in Paragraph 2 are responsible for_. （ A） pr
13、oposing legislation, implementing decisions in European Union （ B） producing and marketing the medical devices across the EU （ C） providing some scientific advice to the European Commission （ D） assessing whether a product meets certain preordained standards 3 Which of the following statements is IN
14、CORRECT according to the passage? （ A） Women using the breast implants faced greater health risks. （ B） The capacity to detect the risk of fraud should be increased. （ C） An official report called for cooperation in France and in other parts of EU. （ D） Frances minister of health has pledged to hire
15、 more health inspectors. 4 Which of the following countries have not all proposed to offer women free removal of PIP implants? （ A） France, Germany, UK （ B） Germany, UK, Czech （ C） US, Germany, Czech （ D） Germany, France, Czech 5 Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? （
16、A） There is a consensus on the EU regulation of medical devices in the European Union. （ B） All breast implant failure appears to be without identifiable health consequences. （ C） Tough new regulatory requirements could harm the EUs competitive advantage. （ D） The overall proportion of the implant f
17、ailure is relatively high compared with others. 5 Health Minister Nicola Roxons latest proposal that patients be allocated to doctors on a list basis is straight out of the playbook of Britains National Health Service. Lets think about this from the patients point of view. Some doctors are better th
18、an others, the same as some plumbers are better than others. The reason may be a better bedside manner; it may be they are more competent; it may be just that there is a simple personality clashit may just be that, at times, the patient wants a second opinion. Or it might be that the patient has a p
19、otentially embarrassing problem that he or she does not want to discuss with his or her regular general practitioner. Some people who are ill-suited to their career choice are always going to slip through the system. In other words, if you are allocated a doctor you dont like or who is a dud, you ar
20、e likely to be stuck with him. Of course, the government will make some noises about “freedom of choice“; but in the end, a doctor who hangs up his shingle and succeeds or fails according to the quality of service he offers is going to provide a better quality of service than a public employee. Now,
21、 all doctors, including general practitioners, must be members of the appropriate professional body, which accredits them as qualified practitioners. This means they must first finish medical school and then qualify as surgeons, physicians, ophthalmologists or psychiatrists. This postgraduate traini
22、ng is arduous and expensive, and practitioners naturally expect a return on their investment of time, energy and moneythe average medical graduate is left with tens of thousands of dollars in university fees. Much is made of the top professionals who make millions, but the average GP is running a pr
23、actice that gives him a barely adequate return on his investment in professional development. Indeed, many GPs complain they are virtually government employees relying on Medicare to pay their bills, but the “virtually“ is important. They remain independent professionals who succeed or fail accordin
24、g to the service they provide. The recent moves to widen the scope of nurse practitioners concern many GPs. While nurse practitioners may have a role in isolated areas, a nurse is not a substitute for a general practitioner, who has years of undergraduate and postgraduate training in family medicine
25、. Expanding the role of nurse practitioners may simply be an axe to wield again the ancient enemy, the family GP. Many nurses have specialist training, which makes them indispensable in the medical system; but a nurse is not a substitute for professionally-trained general practitioners with years mo
26、re education behind them. Minister Roxons move to cut Medicare payments for cataract surgery again flies in the face of reality. On the face of it, it may seem plausiblebetter technology equals cheaper prices. If the Fred Hollows Foundation can do cataract surgery for $25, why cant an Australian oph
27、thalmologist? The reason is that an Australian eye-doctor is running a practice. He has to pay a receptionist, an accountant, rent for his rooms and so onin other words, he has fixed costs, which means the money goes into a lot of pockets apart from his own. In fact, he cant absorb the cost cuts tha
28、t the government is asking him to accept. From News Weekly, November 28, 2009 6 What did the Health Minister propose? （ A） to cut the medical profession all over the country （ B） to allocate the patients to doctors on a list basis （ C） to increase the incentives of the medical workers （ D） to revise
29、 the policy on the medical profession 7 The patient may think some doctors are better than others NOT because_. （ A） some doctors are more competent （ B） there is a simple personality clash （ C） they have more difficult problems （ D） they sometimes want a second opinion 8 When doctors finish medical
30、 school, they may not qualify as_. （ A） surgeons （ B） physicians （ C） opticians （ D） psychiatrists 9 Which of the following statements about nurse practitioners is NOT true? （ A） They may have a role in some isolated areas. （ B） They are not a substitute for general practitioners. （ C） They have les
31、s education background than GP. （ D） They are the same as family general practitioners. 10 According to the passage, which of the following statements is correct? （ A） People not well-suited to their career choice are going to slip through the system. （ B） Average GP is given abundant return on his
32、investment in professional development. （ C） Most of the general practitioners are working for the government-controlled service. （ D） Australian ophthalmologists have fixed costs so they cannot do cataract surgery. 10 Foodstuffs and drinks need to contain less sugar, salt and fat in order to help c
33、ombat the growing number of people developing cancer, campaigners against the disease have said. The call from the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) came as it released fresh estimates that the number of Britons being diagnosed with cancer annually will rise to almost 400,000 by 2030. The UK will se
34、e about 396,000 new cases of cancer a year in 2030a 30% rise on the 304,000 seen in 2008according to WCRF projections released today to mark World Cancer Day. Its analysis of the likely increase in cancer cases in all 27 EU member states by 2030 says that the UK will have the 16th biggest proportion
35、ate rise and Ireland the biggest with a predicted 72% jump, followed by Cyprus (55%), Luxembourg (53%) and Malta (49%). The WCRF identified the ageing population as the key factor behind the rise, because cancer affects mainly the over-60s. But it also said improvements in lifestyles, such as eating
36、 better, maintaining a normal weight and taking exercise could prevent as many as a third of all cancers. “Measures to tackle the fat, sugar and salt content of food and drinks and to improve the opportunities for physical activity are the type of developments we need to cut these predictions of fut
37、ure cancer cases,“ said Dr Kate Allen, the science and communications director at WCRF International. It wants to see mean salt intake fall to 5g a day by 2025, a big drop from the current average in the UK of about 8g, and for total fat intake to make up just 15-30% of peoples energy intake by the
38、same date. To achieve that it wants action to “encourage nutrient-dense relatively unprocessed foods and discourage sugary and alcoholic drinks“. Cancer incidence is rising, and experts expect it to keep rising, mainly due to ageing, but also obesity and alcohol misuse. But WCRFs estimate of a 30% r
39、ise by 2030 is lower than Cancer Research UKs prediction, made last October, of a 45% leap to around 432,0000 cases by the same date. The trend has prompted concern that the NHS may not be able to keep pace. “We know the numbers of people getting this disease is increasing and these figures by the W
40、CRF should signal alarm bells for the NHS and how we plan future cancer services. Macmillan Cancer Supports own research showed that four in 10 people will now get cancer in their lifetime,“ said Ciaran Devane, the charitys chief executive. On current trends the number of people in the UK who have b
41、een diagnosed with cancer will double from two to four million over the next 20 years, added Devane. Dr Emily Power, health information manager at CRUK, said: “With more cancers being diagnosed, its crucial that cancer services worldwide prepare for the growth in demand. Its also important that we d
42、o everything we can to improve the early diagnosis of cancer.“ But medical and scientific advances mean patients diagnosed with cancer are twice as likely to survive it as they were 40 years ago, Power added. The Department of Health said: “This data shows the challenges we face from an ageing popul
43、ation and the rising burden of cancer. That is why we are investing more than 750m over the next four years to make sure people are diagnosed with cancer earlier and have better access to the latest treatments. This includes a range of public awareness campaigns on the signs and symptoms of cancer.“
44、 “Through our investment and modernisation of the NHS, we will save 5,000 more lives every year by 2015closing the gap in cancer survival between us and the best-performing countries in the world.“ “But we know that up to half of all cancers could be prevented by changing our lifestyles eating bette
45、r, doing more exercise, drinking less and stopping smoking.“ From The Guardian, February 4, 2012 11 Which of the following is the key factor for the rise of cancer cases? （ A） eating better （ B） much overweight （ C） exercise less （ D） ageing population 12 Which of the following figures is NOT correc
46、t? （ A） The average salt intake in UK now is around 5g a day which is a big drop. （ B） Total fat intake is expected to be 15-30% of peoples energy intake by 2025. （ C） The research shows that 40% people will now get cancer in their lifetime. （ D） The number of British people with cancer will double
47、over the next 20 years. 13 Which of the following is NOT the cause of the rising cancer incidence according to the experts expectation? （ A） ageing （ B） smoking （ C） obesity （ D） alcohol misuse 14 According to the passage, which of the following statements is true? （ A） People believe that NHS will
48、be able to keep pace with the rise of cancer incidences. （ B） Patients diagnosed with cancer are likely to be as twice as there were 40 years ago. （ C） Through the modernisation of the NHS we can now save over 5000 lives each year. （ D） People believe that 50% of cancers could be prevented by changi
49、ng our lifestyles. 15 Which of the following statements can best conclude the main idea of the passage? （ A） People could prevent cancer by maintaining healthy lifestyle and eating well. （ B） NHS plays an important role in dealing with the increasing cancer incidences. （ C） The number of people getting cancer is increasing rapidly with aging population. （ D） Its crucial that cancer services worldwide prepare for the growth in demand. 15 Women who have diabetes are almost four times more likely to have a baby with a birth defect,
