1、专业英语四级（听力）模拟试卷 226及答案与解析 SECTION A TALK In this section you will hear a talk. You will hear the talk ONCE ONLY. While listening, you may look at ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word (s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptabl
2、e. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 How to Take Lecture Notes 1. What is effective note-taking? To【 T1】 _ the material and write down key elements 2. Take notes instead of transcribing Be an【 T2】 _ : dont just record what is said
3、 Engage with the material repeat a word or phrase; take a longer pause before resuming speaking (perhaps even to take a drink of water); gesture with his or her hands more demonstratively; stop walking around and/or look more intently into the audience; and so on. 8In addition, make up your own shor
4、thand method. 9Shorthand writing is a way to use shortcuts so that you dont have to write every single word. You can also write notes more quickly, an essential skill when listening to a classroom lecture. Develop your own set of shortcuts, abbreviations, symbols, sketches, etc. Even if no one else
5、knows what your shorthand means, youll know what you mean. 10Use abbreviations and skip unimportant words to take notes efficiently. Only record the important words that you need to get the idea of the point made. Skip words like “the“ and “a“ that do not convey additional meaning to the lecture con
6、tent. Create abbreviations to help you write things down quickly, such as drawing arrows for increase/decrease or to show causation, and especially for terms used over and over again. Have you got it? How much information have you jotted down during my lecture? Start practice now. 【知识模块】 讲座 1 【正确答案】
7、 digest 【试题解析】 本题考查对文意的理解和细节的把握。录音开头就指出，有效地做笔记并不是录音和抄写，而是一个学习过程，它要求快速理解 (digest)讲座内容，并记下关键要素。 【知识模块】 讲座 2 【正确答案】 active listener 【试题解析】 本题考查对文意的理解和细节的把握。录音在提出第一个主观点时指出，应该做一个 “积极的倾听者 ”(active listener)，而非只是机械地记笔记。 【知识模块】 讲座 3 【正确答案】 essential elements 【试题解析】 本题考查细节。录音继上一个空进一步说明，做笔记时应该多结合材料，判断所说内容中哪些是
8、关键要素 (determine the essential elements)。注意此处 element应该用复数。 【知识模块】 讲座 4 【正确答案】 active engagement 【试题解析】 本题考查对文意的理解和细节的把握。录音指出，积极参与的必要性 (This necessity of active engagement)是很多专家不建议对讲座录音的原因之一。因此，此处填 active engagement。 【知识模块】 讲座 5 【正确答案】 cues 【试题解析】 本题考查对主要观点的把握。录音提出的第二个主观点为，学会捕捉演讲者给出的信号和线索 (learn to p
9、ick up on the lecturers cues and clues)。注意此处 cue填复数形式。 【知识模块】 讲座 6 【正确答案】 hand gestures 【试题解析】 本题考查细节。录音提到，演讲者往 往会通过说话的方式 (vocal patterns)、手势 (hand gestures)及其他暗示 (other indications)来强调重要的信息。注意此处 gesture应该用复数。 【知识模块】 讲座 7 【正确答案】 identifying 【试题解析】 本题考查对文意的理解和信息的整合。录音指出，应通过捕捉信号词及词组 (by identifying si
10、gnal words and phrases)来把握重要内容，故填入identifying一词。 【知识模块】 讲座 8 【正确答案】 shorthand method 【试题解析】 本题考查对主要观点的把握。录音指出的第三个主观点为，创造一套属于自己的速记法 (make up your own shorthand method)，故填入 shorthand method一词。 【知识模块】 讲座 9 【正确答案】 shortcuts 【试题解析】 本题考查细节。录音提到，速记法可以用便捷的方式 (use shortcuts)记笔记。注意 shortcut不能写成两个单词 shortcut，而
11、且还要用名词的复数形 式shortcuts。 【知识模块】 讲座 10 【正确答案】 abbreviations 【试题解析】 本题考查对分论点的理解。录音在对第三个主观点进行说明时指出，为了提高记笔记的效率，应该使用缩写 (use abbreviations)或略过不重要的单词，后面继续举例说明如何创造缩写。故本题填入 abbreviations一词。 【知识模块】 讲座 10 【听力原文】 Three Systems of Memory Psychologists have many theories to explain how we remember information. The
12、most influential theory is that memory works as a kind of storage system, or storehouse, for information. According to this theory, there are three types of these storage systems with different functions that hold information for different amounts of time. These storage systems are sensory memory, s
13、hort-term memory, and long-term memory. Lets start with the first storage system, sensory memory, 1It holds information for the shortest amount of time less than four seconds. An instant. 2Sensory memory is where stimuli, or things that stimulate our senses, are very briefly stored. We forget sensor
14、y memories almost instantly, unless they pass into another storage system. 3Examples of stimuli that usually go into sensory memory are things that we see and hear in the world such as a flash of lightning, or the sound of a door closing. Now, lets move on to the second storage system, 4short-term m
15、emory, which is also sometimes called “working memory“. It holds information for about 15 to 25 seconds. This is not a very long time, but the information that passes into this system has more meaning for us than just sensory stimulation. It is not entirely clear how some sensory memories transfer i
16、nto more meaningful short-term memories. However, 5it has been proven that memory going into this system is made up of “chunks,“ or groups, of meaningful information. It has been found that only around seven “chunks“ of information can be stored in short-term memory. Therefore, there is not a lot of
17、 room for information in short-term memory, and it does not stay there for very long. 6Examples of the type of information that typically goes into short-term memory are telephone numbers, addresses, and names. Finally, lets look at the third story system, 7long-term memory, which holds information
18、almost definitely, although retrieving it can sometimes be difficult. We can think of long-term memory as a very big library, or even a computer chip, with almost unlimited capacities for storage. 8Information gets filed, catalogued, and stored. Long-term memory has several different components, or
19、modules, that correspond to separate memory systems in the brain. The main two categories of long-term memory are declarative memory and procedural memory. 9Declarative memory is where we store factual information, such as names, faces, and dates. 10Procedural memory is where we store memory of skil
20、ls and habits, like how to ride a bike. Within declarative memory, there are two smaller categories of memory, namely, episodic memory and semantic memory. Episodic memory is where we place memories that relate to our personal lives, things we have done or experienced, such as having a car accident.
21、 Semantic memory is where we organize general knowledge or facts about the world, such as math formulas. OK, to sum up, today weve taken a brief look at the three storage systems and their different functions of holding information for different amounts of time. Next time, well look at some other as
22、pects of psychology. 【知识模块】 讲座 11 【正确答案】 4 four seconds 【试题解析】 本题要求填入感官记忆系统保存信息的时长。录音提到，感官记忆保存信息的时间是最短的。少于四秒 (less than 4 seconds)，故填入 4 four seconds。 【知识模块】 讲座 12 【正确答案】 Stimuli 【试题解析】 本题要求填入何种信息被短暂地储存于感官记忆系统。录音提到，感官记忆短 暂地储存刺激物 (stimuli)或者是刺激了我们感官的事物 (things that stimulate our senses)，故本题应填入 Stimul
23、i。 【知识模块】 讲座 13 【正确答案】 flashing lighting lighting 【试题解析】 本题要求填入和 “关门声 ”并列的名词 (短语 )，同属于与感官记忆相关的例子。录音提到，感官记忆的刺激物通常是我们在现实世界中看到和听到的东西，例如闪电或者是关门声，故本题应填入 flashing righting或是直接简写成lighting。 【知识模块】 讲座 14 【正确答案】 working memory 【试题解析】 本题要求填入与 short-term memory(短时记忆 )相对应的名称。录音提到，短时记忆也被称为 working memory(工作记忆 )。故
24、本题填入 working memory。 【知识模块】 讲座 15 【正确答案】 meaningful 【试题解析】 本题要求填入修饰 information的词。录音提到，短时记忆的信息是由几 “块 ”或几组 (“chunks， ”or groups)有意义的信息 (meaningful information)构成，故本题填入 meaningful。 【知识模块】 讲座 16 【正确答案】 addresses 【试题解析】 本题要求填入与 telephone numbers， names相并列的名词，同属于短期记忆的信息。录音提到，短期记忆的典型信息即为电话号码，地址以及姓名，可见此处应填
25、入 addresses。 【知识模块】 讲座 17 【正确答案】 indefinitely 【试题解析】 本题要求填入 long-term memory(长时记忆 )中信息保存的时长。录音提到，长时记忆几乎无限期地储存信息 (holds information almost indefinitely)，故本题填入 indefinitely。 【知识模块】 讲座 18 【正确答案】 catalogued 【试题解析】 本题要求填入长时记忆中信息经过怎样的处理。录音提到，信息被归档 (filed)、编目 (catalogued)和储存 (stored)，故本题填入 catalogued，注意要使用
26、 过去分词。 【知识模块】 讲座 19 【正确答案】 factual information 【试题解析】 本题和下一题放在一起理解，便可知本题要求填入的是陈述性记忆(declarative memory)储存的信息类型。录音提到，陈述性记忆是储存事实性信息(factual information)的地方。故本题填入 factual information。 【知识模块】 讲座 20 【正确答案】 Procedural 【试题解析】 本题要求填入的是储存技能和习惯信息的记忆系统名 称。录音提到，程序性记忆 (procedural memory)是储存技能和习惯信息的地方。故本题填入Proced
27、ural。 【知识模块】 讲座 20 【听力原文】 Introduction to Geography Course So, welcome to your introductory geography lecture. Well begin with some basics. Firstly, what do we learn by studying geography? Well, we learn a great deal about all the processes that have affected and continue to affect 1 the earth surfa
28、ce. But we learned far more than that, because studying geography also inform us about the different kinds of 2relations that develop between a particular environment and the people that live there. Okay, we like to think of geography as having two main branches. 3There is the study of the nature of
29、 our planet, for example its physical features, or what it actually looks like. And then there is the study of the ways in which we choose to live, 4and of the impact of those on our planet. Our current use of carbon fuels is a good example of that. 5But there are specific study areas to consider to
30、o. 6And we will be looking at each of these in turn throughout this semester. These include bio-physical geography, by which I mean the study of the natural environment and all its living things. Then there is topography which looks at the shapes of the land and oceans. There is the study of politic
31、al geography, and social geography too, of course, which is the study of communities of people. We have economic geography, in which we examine all kinds of resources and their use. Next comes historical geography, the understanding of how people and their environments and the ways they interact hav
32、e changed over a period of time. And urban geography, an aspect I am particularly interested in, which takes, as its focus, the location of cities provide, and migration of people to and from such cities. And lastly, we have cartography. That is the art and science of net making. You will be doing a
33、 lot of that. Okay, now for some practicalities. 7What do geographers actually do? Well, we collect data to begin with. How do we do this? There are several means. We might, for example, conduct a census. 8 We also need images of the earths surface which we can produce by means of computer-generatio
34、n technology or with the help of satellite relays. Weve come a very long way from the early exploration of the world by sailing ships when geographers only had pens and paper at their disposal. After weve gathered information, we must analyze it. 9We need to look for patterns, most commonly those of
35、 causes and consequences. This kind of information helps us to predict and resolve problems that could affect the world we live in. But we dont keep all these information confidential. We then need to publish our findings so that other people can access it and be informed by it. 10And one way in whi
36、ch this information can be published is in the form of maps. Youll all have used one at some stage of your life already. Okay, now weve had a basic understanding of geography. What were going to do next is to look at a short presentation in which youll see some tools used in geography. 【知识模块】 讲座 21
37、【正确答案】 the earth surface 【试题解析】 本题与地理学 (geography)的第一个研究范围有关。录音提到，在地理学课堂，我们将去了解那些对地球表面 (earth surface)已经产生和继续产生影响的所有过程 (processes)。故本题填入 the earth surface。 【知识模块】 讲座 22 【正确答案】 a particular environment 【试题解析】 本题与地理学的第二个研究范围有关。录音提到，学习地理学能让我们了解某种特定环境 (a particular environment)与生活在其中的人们 (the people that
38、 live there)之间的各种不同的关系 (different kinds of relations)。故本题填入 a particular environment。 【知识模块】 讲座 23 【正确答案】 nature 【试题解析】 本题涉及地理学的第一个研究分支。录音提到，地理学的分 支之一是对地球本质的研究 (the nature of our planet)。故本题填入 nature。 【知识模块】 讲座 24 【正确答案】 impact 【试题解析】 本题与地理学的第二个研究分支相关。录音提到，地理学的另外一个分支是研究我们选择生活的方式 (the ways in which w
39、e choose to live)以及其对我们地球所产生的影响 (the impact of those on our planet)。故本题填入 impact。 【知识模块】 讲座 25 【正确答案】 Specific study areas 【试题解析】 本题要求补充要点内容。录音在介绍完地理学的两个主要分支后，接下来提到地理学也有一些具体的研究领域 (there are specific study areas to consider too)。故本题填入 Specific study areas。 【知识模块】 讲座 26 【正确答案】 in turn 【试题解析】 本题要求补充说明如
40、何在这学期来学习这些具体的研究领域。录音提到，在整个学期里，他们将会依次学习各个不同 的研究领域。文中接下来提到了这些具体研究领域有哪些。故本题填入 in turn。 【知识模块】 讲座 27 【正确答案】 geographers 【试题解析】 本题要求补充要点内容。录音在介绍完地理学的基本信息后，继续介绍了 geographers(地理学家 )的工作内容。故本题填入 geographers。 【知识模块】 讲座 28 【正确答案】 images 【试题解析】 本题考查考生对细节的把握。录音提到我们还需要地球表面的图像信息 (images of the earths surface)，可以通过
41、计算机生成技术 (computer-generation technology)或者通过卫星中继器 (satellite relays)的帮助来生成。故本题填入 images。 【知识模块】 讲座 29 【正确答案】 causes and consequences 【试题解析】 本题考查对细节的把握。录音提到，在分析数据时，我们要寻找模式 (We need to look for patterns)，最常见的是因果模式 (most commonly those of causes and consequences)。故本题填入 causes and consequences。 【知识模块】 讲座 30 【正确答案】 maps 【试题解析】 本题要求填入研究结果的发表形式。录音提到，研究结果发表的方式之一 (one way in which this information can be published)就是以地图的形式 (in the form of maps)。故本题填入 maps。 【知识模块】 讲座
