1、专业英语四级（阅读）模拟试卷 190及答案与解析 SECTION A In this section there are several passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. For each question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. 0 (1) There was a woman who was beautiful, who started
2、with all the advantages, yet she had no luck. She married for love, and the love turned to dust. She had bonny children, yet she felt they had been thrust upon her, and she could not love them. They looked at her coldly, as if they were finding fault with her. And hurriedly she felt she must cover u
3、p some fault in herself. Yet what it was that she must cover up she never knew. Nevertheless, when her children were present, she always felt the centre of her heart go hard. This troubled her, and in her manner she was all the more gentle and anxious for her children, as if she loved them very much
4、. Only she herself knew that at the centre of her heart was a hard little place that could not feel love. No, not for anybody. Everybody else said of her: “She is such a good mother. She adores her children. “ Only she herself, and her children themselves, knew it was not so. They read it in each ot
5、hers eyes. (2) There were a boy and two little girls. They lived in a pleasant house, with a garden, and they had discreet servants, and felt themselves superior to anyone in the neighbourhood. (3) Although they lived in style, they felt always an anxiety in the house. There was never enough money.
6、The mother had a small income, and the father had a small income, but not nearly enough for the social position which they had to keep up. The father went into town to some office. But though he had good prospects, these prospects never materialised. There was always the grinding sense of the shorta
7、ge of money, though the style was always kept up. (4) At last the mother said; “I will see if I cant make something. “ But she did not know where to begin. She racked her brains, and tried this thing and the other, but could not find anything successful. The failure made deep lines come into her fac
8、e. Her children were growing up, they would have to go to school. There must be more money. There must be more money. The father, who was always very handsome and expensive in his tastesj, seemed as if he never would be able to do anything worth doing. And the mother, who had a great belief in herse
9、lf, did not succeed any better, and her tastes were just as expensive. (5) And so the house came to be haunted by the unspoken phrase: There must be more money！ There must be more money! The children could hear it all the time though nobody said it aloud. They heard it at Christmas, when the expensi
10、ve and splendid toys filled the nursery. Behind the shining modern rocking-horse, behind the smart dolls house, a voice would start whispering: “There must be more money! There must be more money!“ And the children would stop playing, to listen for a moment. They would look into each others eyes, to
11、 see if they had all heard. And each one saw in the eyes of the other two that they too had heard. “There must be more money! There must be more money!“ (6) It came whispering from the springs of the still-swaying rocking-horse, and even the horse, bending his wooden, champing head, heard it. The bi
12、g doll, sitting so pink and smirking in her new pram, could hear it quite plainly, and seemed to be smirking all the more self-consciously because of it. The foolish puppy, too, that took the place of the teddy-bear, he was looking so extraordinarily foolish for no other reason but that he heard the
13、 secret whisper all over the house: “ There must be more money!“ (7) Yet nobody ever said it aloud. The whisper was everywhere, and therefore no one spoke it. Just as no one ever says: “ We are breathing!“ in spite of the fact that breath is coming and going all the time. (8) “Mother,“ said the boy
14、Paul one day, “Why dont we keep a car of our own? Why do we always use uncles, or else a taxi?“ (9) “Because were the poor members of the family,“ said the mother. (10) “But why are we, Mother?“ (11) “Well I suppose,“ she said slowly and bitterly, “its because your father has no luck. “ (12) The boy
15、 was silent for some time. (13) “Is luck money, mother?“ he asked, rather timidly. 1 It can be concluded from Para. 1 that_. （ A） other people had false impression of the mother （ B） her children were the center of the mothers life （ C） the mother felt nothing wrong with her life （ D） the mother tho
16、ught her children are ridiculous 2 In Para. 3, the phrase “lived in style“ probably means_. （ A） lived a simple life （ B） lived a luxurious life （ C） lived a lazy life （ D） lived a terrible life 3 What does the author want to imply by saying “We are breathing!“ in Para.7? （ A） The fact that the fami
17、ly needs more money is quite obvious. （ B） The fact that everyone needs to breathe is quite obvious. （ C） The fact that the family needs a car is quite obvious. （ D） The fact that the family lacks luck is quite obvious. 3 (1) It is easy to forget that even the most trivial commercial transactions re
18、ly on small acts of trust. Laws encourage good behaviour, but states lack the resources to force everyone to be good all the time. Trust keeps society running. Just ordering a pizza requires faith that the dough will be well made, that the pizzeria will not abuse the customers credit-card informatio
19、n, and that the delivery man will not abscond with the cargo. More complex partnerships, of the sort that make long-run economic growth possible, require much higher degrees of trust. New technologies, from sharing-economy apps to the blockchain, offer routes around some of the trust deficits that s
20、tand in the way of growth. Yet whether such solutions to problems of mistrust build on or undermine social ties is no easy question to answer. (2) Trust in society is not just a nicety. It makes possible, as one paper on the subject has it, “the commitment of resources to an activity where the outco
21、me depends upon the co-operative behaviour of others“. Low-trust societies waste piles of time and money working out who can be counted on, defending vulnerable stores of wealth, and guarding against con men. Such places are infertile ground for long-run investment, the gains from which could be gra
22、bbed by rivals or stolen by government. Meanwhile trust is highest, and defences against chicanery lowest, within some of worlds wealthiest countries. Studies of the relationship between measures of trust and economic growth find a close link between the two. That does not necessarily mean one cause
23、s the other. But research also suggests that trust boosts trade, participation in financial markets and investment, suggesting that greater trust spurs the activities that make a place richer. (3) Sadly, cultivating trust is hard. It is a sort of social capital which must be built through time and e
24、ffort. Repeated positive interactions and demonstrations of trustworthiness create a foundation of mutual confidence. Within close communities, emotional cues like praise and shame effectively discourage antisocial activity. In environments rich in social capital, the return for co-operative behavio
25、ur is high; you can make more money playing by the rules and building a business, for instance, than by reneging on a contract at the first opportunity. In the same way, trustworthiness is rarely rewarded in low-trust societies; both high-trust and low-trust states of the world are sticky. (4) Inven
26、tive humans are good at finding ways around trust bottlenecks. Reliance on families or tribes groups whose members interests are more closely aligned, presumably, than those of the population as a whole is a common strategy. Yet by their nature, such workarounds are limited in scope, and leave many
27、members of society isolated. New technologies offer a more promising approach. A companys ability to use the Internet to monitor production in a factory half a world away means that firms need not establish deep relationships with foreign suppliers before opening a distant plant. Network connections
28、 between retailers and banks can help verify a customers ability to pay; the blockchain, a shared, public and trusted digital of transactions, eliminates the need for a central counterparty altogether. (5) Historically, however, technology has done more to open up society than to segregate it. New t
29、echnologies make it easier to trust unfamiliar groups. Public ratings, for instance, can undercut discrimination. Taxi drivers who might normally speed past members of a different race may feel more comfortable picking up a diverse set of riders given good ratings on Uber. A survey conducted by BlaB
30、laCar, a popular ridesharing service, found that 88% of its members reported a high level of trust in fellow usershigher than that reported for colleagues or neighbours. In a study in America, Alberto Alesina, of Harvard University, and Eliana La Ferrara, of Bocconi University in Milan, found that p
31、laces with higher levels of racial and income diversity have lower levels of trust. By arranging interactions across such boundaries, technology may widen the circle of trust. (6) Apps often encourage good behaviour as well. Public ratings, like the ones that Uber presents for its drivers or that Ye
32、lp collects for businesses, mean that good customer service is increasingly important in capturing new business. Firms and customers that behave badly risk a permanent stain on their reputation. (7) It is one thing to use Airbnb to rent a spare room from someone of a different background, and quite
33、another to build the deep social bonds needed to support long-run investments. For big commitments, people will not suddenly let down their guard, however impressive technology becomes. Yet trust is a habit. New technologies that encourage co-operation in some spheres of life contribute to social ca
34、pital rather than weaken it. 4 Trust would bring all the following advantages EXCEPT_. （ A） boosting trade （ B） boosting investment （ C） boosting economic growth （ D） boosting deeper trust 5 In Para. 3, the word “reneging“ probably means_. （ A） eating ones word （ B） making amendment （ C） lying to so
35、mebody （ D） jumping to conclusion 6 New technologies could help with trust issues in all the following ways EXCEPT_. （ A） isolating certain members of the society （ B） verifying a customers ability to pay （ C） offering a blockchain for transactions （ D） using the Internet to monitor production 7 Why
36、 does the author mention Uber and Yelp in Para. 6? （ A） To imply that people will not suddenly let down their guard. （ B） To say APPs with public ratings improve customer service. （ C） To report a high level of trust in users of these two APPs. （ D） To imply new technologies can build deep social bo
37、nds. 7 (1) A year ago, most people would have drawn a blank if asked about Zika. Since then, an outbreak of the mosquito-borne virus that began in early 2015 in Brazil has spread to more than 60 countries in the Americas, Africa, Asia and the Pacific islands. A study published on September 1st in th
38、e Lancet estimates that 2. 6 billion people live in areas to which Zika could eventually spread. (2) At first, scientists knew little more than anyone else. Zika is not new; the virus was first isolated in Africa in 1947. But it was obscure, and therefore little studied. Only during the present outb
39、reak did it become clear that infection among pregnant women was associated with birth defects and neurological problems in babies. But there has been much progress, and scientists now know far more about the disease than they did when the outbreak began. (3) Start with transmission. The vast majori
40、ty of Zika infections occur through the bite of Aedes aegypti, a mosquito common in tropical climates and especially in cities. Another species, A. albopictus, which thrives in cooler climes, may also be able to transmit the bug, though possibly not as efficiently. Unusually for a mosquito-borne vir
41、us, Zika can also be transmitted sexually (the first case of transmission in the United States occurred this way). Studies are under way to find out how long after infection that remains possible, but traces of the viruss genetic code have been found in semen six months after the onset of symptoms.
42、Infection through blood transfusion has been confirmed as well. The virus has also turned up in urine, tears and saliva, though that does not necessarily mean that it can spread through them. (4) The health effects of the virus are becoming clearer too. Something like four in five Zika infections ca
43、use no symptoms. The rest usually pass with only mild dis-comfort, including a rash and red eyes. Occasionally, infected people develop Guil-lain-Barre syndrome, a condition in which the immune system goes awry, causing weakened muscles and temporary paralysis. Death is rare, but some sufferers spen
44、d weeks hooked to a breathing machine. (5) Infection is also dangerous if it occurs during pregnancy: in perhaps 1-2% of cases the virus attacks the brain tissue of the fetus. That causes microcephaly, a condition characterised by an abnormally small head, a result of the skull collapsing around the
45、 shrunken brain. Babies who escape that fate may suffer other Zika-related damage, including eyesight and hearing loss. Scans of apparently healthy babies born to infected mothers sometimes show brain abnormalities, though it is too early to know whether these will lead to developmental problems lat
46、er in life. And there are worries, as yet unresolved, about the neurological implications in adults, too. (6) Then there is the question of tracking and diagnosis. Working out just how far Zika has spread within a country is tricky. A common test works by testing for anti-bodies, specialised protein
47、s produced by the immune system that are designed to disable the virus. But it cannot distinguish easily between antibodies for Zika and those for dengue fever, another mosquito-borne illness, which is related to Zika and often occurs in the same sorts of places. That may turn out to be a good thing
48、: anti-bodies against dengue may provide some defence against Zika. But it muddles attempts to track the disease, and to predict how it might spread. (7) Two open questions are whether a Zika infection confers lasting immunity to the virus, and how strains from the two known lineages one African and
49、 one Asian might interact. There are reasons to worry: an initial infection with one of the four strains of dengue is usually harmless, but subsequent infection with another strain can be fatal. (8) Official advice continues to evolve with the stream of new findings. Preventing mosquito bites is the main line of defence. The World Health Organisation prescribes condoms or sexual abstinence for at least six months for those returning from areas where Zika is spreading. Several countries have begun screening blood donors. (9) The most
