1、口译二级实务卫生与健康练习试卷 2及答案与解析 一、 PART 1 English-Chinese Translation (50 points, 30 minutes) Interpret the following passages from English into Chinese. Start interpreting at the signal and stop it at the signal. You may take notes while you are listening. You will hear the passages only ONCE. Now lets beg
2、in. 1 Between the 1950s and 1980s, we saw tremendous improvements in the safety of the food we eat in Europe. What we can call the “first wave“ of food safety measures came with the pasteurization of milk and milk products and the introduction of rigid and effective hygiene systems in the production
3、 chain, mainly from the dairy and the abattoir to the supermarket. / The “second wave“ of food safety measures came with the widespread introduction of HACCP, the hazard control system for the production chain. Yet, since the early 1980s, we have seen a marked increase in the reports of food-borne d
4、iseases, resulting from chemical or pathogenic contamination. / The number of confirmed cases of human disease caused by Salmonella has increased significantly since 1985as much as five-fold in some European countries. For Campylobacter the increase has in some countries been even higher. Even thoug
5、h some of this could reflect better reporting, I believe everybody would agree that these problems are of a size that warrants action. / This situation, and associated loss of public confidence, suggests that something has gone wrong. We need a “third wave“ of food safety measures. This third wave m
6、ust be a focus on the direct risk to humans. We need to begin with the epidemiology of food-borne diseases and track them back through the food chain, all the way to the farm. This represents a tremendous challenge for the governments of Europe. / It means building up the capacityand making effectiv
7、e use of expertise in assessing risks to human health. It means building up capacity for epidemiological tracking and mapping of food-related diseases, something that until now has held a rather low priority among most health authorities. It means improving our data collection efforts for both the p
8、athogens in the food and human disease, so that the data are comparable both along the whole food chain and between regions and countries. We always have to remember that food chains are international. / And it will mean that officials concerned with agricultural productivity, and officials responsi
9、ble for the health of populations, work together. Not only must they communicate. They must collaborate closely so that they can quickly trace back each incident of suspected food-borne disease to its source, analyze the size and geography of the problem and suggest both short and long term remedial
10、 measures. / This all calls for political action. Peopleboth as consumers and producersexpect their government officials to work together for the common good. They demand this of those who represent them in government. Not only do they expect their politicians to make sure that government works in t
11、he primary interests of those who consume food: they also expect politicians to take action based on expert evidence. This calls for political courage, and for openness in government processes, so that risk assessment and analysis are transparent and available for public scrutiny. Only then can publ
12、ic health be maintained, andat the same timeconsumer confidence be restored. / This will mean a restructuring of agricultural ministries so that they move beyond a primary focus on economic issues. They need to represent the interests of the whole community producers, processors and consumers. This
13、kind of transformation will make for a healthier base for the future of the industry: this is already taking place in several European countries. The current efforts of the European Commission to strengthen and focus the scientific advice for food safety are an important contribution to the reforms
14、already taking place in several countries. / It will also mean that ministries of health have to take interest in, and give priority to, action to monitor and prevent food-borne illness. They would need to strengthen their food safety resources and improve collaboration with other ministries. An inc
15、ident of suspected food poisoning should no longer just be seen by doctors as a temporary health problem. It should be considered as a possible symptom of break-down in the food-safety system, and those who see patients need more help to decide what kind of event to report to public health authoriti
16、es. / (Excerpts from the speech “Food Safetya World-wide Challenge“ by Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, former Director-General of World Health Organization, Uppsala, Sweden) 2 The birth of a child is a time of hope. Its new life is a symbol of potential for growth. Its death is a denial of progress. When
17、 I was born in 1945, the child mortality rate in Korea was 152 per 1000 live births. Thats roughly the equivalent today of the death rates in Benin, or Mozambique, Swaziland, Cameroon, or Ethiopia. / Tremendous progress is possible. The mortality rate in my country has now dropped to just 5 children
18、 per 1,000. Thats one of the lowest rates in the world, lower than the rates in New Zealand, the United States, or the United Kingdom. / Our goalspart of the Millennium Development Goalsare to cut child deaths by two thirds by 2015 from 1990 rates, and maternal deaths by three quarters. Every minute
19、 20 children under the age of five die. More than 70% of all child deaths are caused by preventable and treatable conditions, like malaria, measles, HIV or diarrhea. The greatest risk is in their first four weeks of life when babies die from conditions like low birth-weight, birth trauma, asphyxia,
20、and severe infections like pneumonia, meningitis or tetanus. / This is Elizabeth. She lives in Ethiopia. Malaria is endemic, yet only 17% of children under five in this country sleep under mosquito nets. Elizabeths family can only afford one net, which she and her mother sleep under. Many of the loc
21、al children have died from the disease. / Nine-month-old Lang lives in the Lao Democratic Peoples Republic. Like 82% of children in her country, she sleeps under a bednet. The family has two nets, but the insecticide treatment wore them off a long time ago, and they are full of holes. Many people in
22、 their district fall ill from malaria, including Langs father, who is unable to work at times. / Simpler and effective protection measures, like treated bednets, make the difference. But only if every family uses one. Elizabeth and Langs mothers try to make their home as protected as possible for th
23、eir children. Its natural to see home as a safe place. Sadly its not. / Just last month WHO launched a report on domestic violence. One of the more shocking facts revealed by that report was the extent of violence against women during pregnancy. One quarter to one half of the women who reported this
24、 abuse, said that they had been deliberately kicked or punched in the abdomen. Unsurprisingly, women in violent relationships are significantly more likely to suffer miscarriages, or to undergo abortion. / The study also found that, in some settings, a significant proportion of women thought it was
25、acceptable for a man to beat his wife under certain circumstances. Women in these violent households have more health problems than others, yet often feel unable to talk to anyone about their situation or seek help. This violence is also associated with low birth weight, and with higher infant and u
26、nder-five mortality. / Every minute a woman is dying from complications in pregnancy and childbirth. Almost all of these deaths99%are taking place in low and middle income countries. Mothers and children from the poorest families in Sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia are the most likely to die. Malnu
27、trition contributes strongly to these deaths, increasing the risk of dying from other causes. Lack of access to food is one reason for malnourishment, but poor feeding practices and infection also contribute. / (“Make Every Mother and Child CountTracking Progress in Child Survival“ by LEE Jong-wook,
28、 former Director-general of WHO in London, United Kingdom, 13 December 2005) 口译二级实务卫生与健康练习试卷 2答案与解析 一、 PART 1 English-Chinese Translation (50 points, 30 minutes) Interpret the following passages from English into Chinese. Start interpreting at the signal and stop it at the signal. You may take notes
29、 while you are listening. You will hear the passages only ONCE. Now lets begin. 1 【正确答案】 从上个世纪 50年代年到 80年代，欧洲食品安全有了极大的改进。我们称之为食品安全措施的 “第一次浪潮 ”是伴随牛奶和奶制品巴氏灭菌法的出现而产生的，从奶牛场及屠宰场到超市的生产链中我们引入了严格而有效的卫生检测系统。 / 由于在生产链中广泛使用了有害物检测系统，即 “HACCP”，食品安全措施的 “第二次浪潮 ”随之出现了 然而从 80年代初开始，我们看到由化学污染和病原性污染引起的 食源性疾病的报道明显增多。 /
30、从 1985年起，由沙门氏菌引起的确诊病例显著增加 在欧洲的一些国家该病例数已增至 5倍。由空肠弯曲菌引起的疾病增幅甚至更大尽管部分原因是更多的病例得以报告，但我相信我们每个人都会同意：这些问题已经到了必须采取行动的地步。 / 这种局面以及与之相关的公众信心的丧失，表明我们在食品问题上已经出现了纰漏。我们需要食品安全措施的 “第三次浪潮 ” 第三次浪潮必须将重点放在对人体产生直接危害的环节上。我们需要以食源性疾病的流行病学为开端，沿着食物链的各个环节一直追踪 到养殖场。这将是对欧洲各国政府的巨大挑战。 / 这意味着建立一种能力 有效运用专业知识对殃及人类健康的危险进行评估；意味着建立起流行病学
31、追踪和解释食源性疾病的能力，因为直到现在许多卫生机构并未对此予以重视；还意味着提高我们采集食物及人类疾病病原体数据的能力，使得数据在食物链的各个环节、不同国家和地区之间具有可比性，我们必须时刻记住食物链是国际性的。 / 这将意味着主管农业生产和负责人口健康的政府官员们要携手合作。他们必须相互交流，不仅如此，还必须密切合作，这样才能快速地对每一例疑似食源性疾 病进行追根溯源，分析其规模和地域分布情况，并提出近期和远期的治疗方案。 / 所有这些需要我们采取政治行动。作为消费者和生产商，他们希望政府官员们为了公众利益事业能携手合作，要求代表他们利益的政府官员们这样做。他们不仅希望政治家们确保政府能为
32、消费者的根本利益而工作，同样他们也希望政治家们依据专家的证据采取行动。这需要政治胆量，需要政府将工作程序公开化，对危险的评估和分析做到透明，便于公众进行检验。只有这样，才能维护公众健康，同时重树消费者的信心。 / 这将意味着对农业部进行改革，使他们工作的首要目标不只是局限在经济问题上。他们需要代表整个社会的利益 生产商、加工者和消费者的利益。这种转变将会为食品行业的未来奠定更加健康的基础：这种变化已经在欧洲的一些国家发生了。 目前欧洲委员会正致力于加强和重视对食品安全提出科学性建议，这种努力对正在进行改革的国家是一个重要的贡献。 / 这也将意味着各国卫生部必须对食源性疾病给予关注和重视，采取监
33、控和预防行动，增加食品安全的资源，同时加强与其他部委的合作。医生不应该视疑似食物中毒的突发事件为暂时 的健康问题，而是要想到这可能是食品安全系统遭遇瘫痪的征兆，对此医生需要更多的帮助来决定什么样的事件应上报公共卫生权威机构。 / (节选自世界卫生组织前总干事布伦特兰博士在瑞典乌普萨拉发表的演讲 “食品安全 世界范围的挑战 ”。 ) 【知识模块】 卫生与健康 2 【正确答案】 婴儿降生之日就是希望之时，其新生象征着发展的潜力，其死亡意味着对进步的否定。在我 1945年出生时，韩国婴儿的死亡率为每 1000名活产儿死亡 152名。这一数字与今天的贝宁、莫桑比克、斯成士兰喀麦隆或埃塞俄比亚的死亡率
34、大致相同。 / 取得巨大进步的可能性是存在的。在韩国，婴儿死亡率目前已下降至每 1000名活产儿里只有 5名死亡。这是世界上最低的新生儿死亡率，比新西兰、美国和英国的还要低。 作为千年发展目标的一部分，我们的目标是到 2015年，儿童死亡率在 90年代基础上减少三分之二，产妇死亡率减少四分之三。 / 每分钟就有 20名不到 5岁的儿童死亡。在所有死亡的儿童中， 70%以上是由一些可预防和治疗的疾病造成，例如疟疾、麻疹、艾滋病毒或腹泻等。婴儿出生后的前 4个周最易造成死亡，他们大都死于体重低、分娩 时的创伤、窒息，以及由肺炎、脑膜炎或破伤风引起的严重感染。 / 她名叫伊丽莎白，生活在埃塞俄比亚。
35、这个国家疟疾流行，却只有 17%不足 5岁的儿童能够睡在蚊帐里。伊丽莎白的家里只买得起一顶蚊帐，供她和母亲使用。当地有许多儿童都死于疟疾。 / 9个月的兰生活在老挝人民民主共和国，同该国 82%的儿童一样，兰睡觉时也有一顶蚊帐。兰全家有两顶蚊帐，但很早前由于杀虫剂的腐蚀而到处都是窟窿。他们居住的地区有很多人得了疟疾，兰的父亲也不例外，以致时常不能工作。 /其实类似蚊帐这样简单而有效的保护措施就能起到预 防作用。假如每个家庭都能用上蚊帐该多好。伊丽莎白和兰的母亲尽力为她们的孩子提供家庭保护。家本应是安全的庇护之地，然而遗憾的是现实并非如此。 / 就在上个月世界卫生组织发表了一份关于家庭暴力的报告
36、，其中最令人震惊的事实之一是妇女在怀孕期间遭遇暴力袭击。差不多有四分之一或一半受此虐待的妇女说她们的腹部曾遭到故意踢打。当然受到暴力虐待的妇女更易造成自然流产或人工流产。 / 这项研究还发现，有相当多的妇女认为男人毒打自己的妻子在某些情况下是可以接受的。处于这种暴力家庭中的妇女较其他人有更多的健康问题 ，然而她们通常认为不能向任何人述说她们的境遇或寻求帮助。这种暴力导致婴儿出生体重轻，并与婴儿及 5岁以下儿童死亡率高有关。 / 每分钟就有一名妇女死于怀孕和分娩并发症。几乎所有这些死亡 99%发生在低收入和中等收入国家。撒哈拉南部非洲和南亚最贫困家庭的母亲和儿童最容易死亡。营养不良是造成这些死亡的重要原因，它也增加了死于其他原因的风险。缺乏食物是造成营养不良的一个原因，但是不良的喂养方法和感染也起着作用。 / (选自前世界卫生组织总干事李钟郁 2005年 12月 13日在英国伦敦的讲话 “珍爱每 一个母亲和儿童 跟踪儿童生存方面的进展 ”) 【知识模块】 卫生与健康
