1、在职攻硕英语联考（阅读）模拟试卷 40及答案与解析 一、 Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes, 40 points) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your an
2、swer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 0 In the United States in the early 1800s, individual state governments had more effect on the economy than did the federal government. States chartered (批准 ,发执照 ) manufacturing, banking, mining, and transportation firms and participate
3、d in the construction of various internal improvements such as canals, turnpikes (收税公路 ) , and railroads. The states encouraged internal improvements in two distinct ways: first, by actually establishing state companies to build such improvements; second, by providing part of the capital for mixed p
4、ublic-private companies setting out to make a profit. In the early nineteenth century, state governments also engaged in a surprisingly large amount of direct regulatory activity, including extensive licensing and inspection programs. Licensing targets reflected both similarities in and differences
5、between the economy of the nineteenth century and that of today: in the nineteenth century, state regulation through licensing fell especially on peddlers, innkeepers, and retail merchants of various kinds. The perishable (易坏的 ) commodities of trade generally came under state inspection, and such im
6、portant frontier staples as lumber and gunpowder were also subject to state control. Finally, state governments experimented with direct labor and business regulation designed to help the individual laborer or consumer, including setting maximum limits on hours of work and restrictions on price-fixi
7、ng by businesses. Although the states dominated economic activity during this period, the federal government was not inactive. Its goals were the facilitation (方便条件 ) of western settlement and the development of native industries. Toward these ends the federal government pursued several courses of a
8、ction. It established a national bank to stabilize banking activities in the country and, in part, to provide a supply of relatively easy money to the frontier, where it was greatly needed for settlement. It permitted access to public western lands on increasingly easy terms, culminating (到达极点 ) in
9、the Homestead Act of 1862, by which title the land could be claimed on the basis of residence alone. Finally, it set up a system of tariffs (关税 ) that was basically protectionist in effect, although maneuvering for position by various regional interests produced frequent changes in tariff rates thro
10、ughout the nineteenth century. 1 What does the passage mainly discuss? （ A） States rights versus federal rights. （ B） The participation of state governments in railroad, canal, and turnpike construction. （ C） The roles of state and federal governments in the economy of the nineteenth century. （ D） R
11、egulatory activity by state governments. 2 The word “effect“ in the first sentence of this passage is closest in meaning to_. （ A） value （ B） argument （ C） influence （ D） restraint 3 It can be inferred from the first paragraph that in the nineteenth century canals and railroads were_. （ A） built wit
12、h money that came from the federal government （ B） much more expensive to build than they had been previously （ C） built predominantly in the western part of the country （ D） sometimes built in part by state companies 4 The regulatory activities of state governments included all of the following EXC
13、EPT_. （ A） licensing of retail merchants （ B） inspecting materials used in turnpike maintenance （ C） imposing limits on price-fixing （ D） controlling of lumber 5 Which of the following activities was the responsibility of the federal government in the nineteenth century? （ A） Controlling of the manu
14、facture of gunpowder. （ B） Determining the conditions under which individuals worked. （ C） Regulation of the supply of money. （ D） Inspection of new homes built on western lands. 5 To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. N
15、ot too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on “persuasive salesmanship“ to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into mone
16、y. Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first ana-lyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying
17、 to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase. This concept does not imply that business is benevolent (慈善 ) or that consumer satisfaction is given priorit
18、y over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction the firm and the customer and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to (迎合 ) custome
19、rs. A striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid-1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The nonacceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then markete
20、d alongside the new. King Customer ruled! 6 The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence, _. （ A） the practice of turning goods into money （ B） making goods available for purchase （ C） the customer-centred approach （ D） a form of persuasive salesmanship 7 What was the main concern o
21、f industrialists before the marketing concept was widely accepted? （ A） The needs of the market. （ B） The efficiency of production. （ C） The satisfaction of the user. （ D） The preferences of the dealer. 8 According to the passage, “to move as much of these goods as possible“ (Lines 34, Para. 1) mean
22、s_. （ A） to sell the largest possible amount of goods （ B） to transport goods as efficiently as possible （ C） to dispose of these goods in large quantities （ D） to redesign these goods for large-scale production 9 What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate? （ A） Traditional goods
23、have a stronger appeal to the majority of people. （ B） It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public. （ C） Consumers with conservative taste are often difficult to please. （ D） Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer. 10 In discussing the marketing concept, the aut
24、hor focuses on_. （ A） its main characteristic （ B） its social impact （ C） its possible consequence （ D） its theoretical basis 10 We all have ups and downs, and usually its just best to accept them. But perhaps you are concerned about someone who seems to be chronically depressed. Maybe he or she nev
25、er feels like doing anything and never even wants to talk. Is it best for you not to interfere? Should you just sit tight and wait for him or her to snap out of it? There are ways you can help. Here are a few: 1. Get the person to talk. Try to get him or her to tell you not only about the depression
26、 itself, but about the fears, wishes, or losses that underlie it. This is often difficult, of course, but it can be very useful. If nothing else, it will reassure the person that someone cares. 2. Dont tell a depressed person that things are “not that bad. “ To him or her, they are. 3. Keep the pers
27、on active. Depression causes apathy and lethargy (倦怠 ), which lead to more depression, and so on. Productive or entertaining activities can help break this vicious cycle. Very often a change of scene or a vacation can be effective. 4. If you are struggling with depression yourself, make yourself do
28、something, however trivial it may seem. Make your bed or clean up your room, for example. You will be able to tell yourself youve accomplished something. 5. If serious depression reaction persists for more than two weeks, you should begin to seek medical help. 6. If you have a depressive reaction af
29、ter a major illness, surgery, or traumatic (外伤的 ) event, its probably not depression in the clinical sense. Just get plenty of rest and wait it out. 11 The purpose of getting a depressed person to talk is to reassure him that_. （ A） things are not that bad （ B） someone is concerned about him （ C） it
30、 will not do to keep silent （ D） you can help him out of the trouble 12 All the following will prove helpful for a depressed person EXCEPT_. （ A） keeping him active （ B） letting him have a vacation （ C） waiting for him to tell you his trouble （ D） involving him in entertaining activities 13 In order
31、 to fight against your own depression, you should_. （ A） drop everything you are doing （ B） avoid anyone who comes to offer help （ C） go to doctors as soon as possible （ D） do something no matter how unimportant it seems to be 14 What does the phrase “sit tight“ in the last sentence of the first par
32、agraph mean? （ A） Take a fixed seat. （ B） Stick firmly to ones opinion. （ C） Sit closed in a small place. （ D） Fasten the seat belt. 15 What is the main idea of this passage? （ A） How to help those suffering from depression after a serious illness. （ B） How to get those you are concerned about out o
33、f depression. （ C） How to help oneself overcome the depression feeling. （ D） How to help oneself and others get out of low spirits. 15 For centuries Dutch engineers have been fighting a war against water. Their main enemy is the sea. A large part of the country is below sea level. In fact, Holland i
34、s also called the “Netherlands,“ which means “low lands. “ Very tall and strong walls, called dykes, have been built to keep out the sea. But in very rough weather the sea may suddenly burst through a dyke, great damage can be caused by floods when this happens. Three large rivers are also part of t
35、he problem. These rivers are the Rhine, the Maas and the Scheldt. They flow through Holland into the North Sea. They have cut many passages across the country. At low tide, the rivers flow into the sea as usual. But at high tide the sea can flow into the rivers. This is because the land is so low. T
36、he battles against water never end, but they have made Holland a bigger and better country. In order to prevent floods, the engineers take, or reclaim (开垦，改造 ) land that was under water. The Dutch have been reclaiming land for seven hundred years. Land is usually reclaimed from a passage between two
37、 islands. Two dykes are built across the passage, so they block the water between them. Then the engineers dig long canals and pump the water into them. At low tide, the canals empty the water into the sea. Because the land is so low, water from the sea and rivers can rise up through the ground. For
38、 this reason, the pumps continue working even when the land has been drained (that is, when the water has been pumped away). The dykes contain gates, and through these the water is pumped out. In many parts of Holland, pumps must be working all the time. If they stopped, there would be very bad floo
39、ds. A piece of reclaimed land is called a polder (新辟的低地 ), and Holland has thousands of polders. Some are very large, but others are quite small. There are farms on many of the polders. Corn and other crops grow well on the drained land, and it gives good grass for cattle. Many small towns and villa
40、ges stand on polders. Even Amsterdams great airport, Schiphol, was built on reclaimed land. This land used to be under the old Lake Haarlem. 16 Which of the following can be chosen as the best title of this passage? （ A） The Dykes in the Netherlands. （ B） The Three Large Rivers in Holland. （ C） The
41、Fighting Against Water in Holland. （ D） The Reclaiming of Land in the Netherlands. 17 The engineers in Holland reclaim land from the sea in order to_. （ A） prevent floods （ B） make the country larger （ C） make Holland better （ D） build farm land 18 If the pumps stop working there will be a very bad
42、flood because_. （ A） at high tide the water will run back （ B） the land is so low that water will rise up through the drained land （ C） the battle against water has no end （ D） in rough weather the sea may burst through the dykes 19 We can infer from the passage that_. （ A） because the land is so lo
43、w, the sea can flow back into the rivers at high tide （ B） Dutch engineers do not reclaim land from a passage between two islands （ C） water is the main enemy of Holland because it has a lot of rivers （ D） the fighting against water has made the country higher and better 20 The author writes this pa
44、ssage to_the readers. （ A） persuade （ B） praise （ C） criticize （ D） inform 20 One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit on stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make
45、many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society“ is not on the horizon its already here.
46、While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track
47、 of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to record or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing a
48、ssignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to
49、 drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computer. 21 According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to_. （ A） withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes （ B） obtain more convenient services than other people d
