1、在职攻硕英语联考（阅读）模拟试卷 44及答案与解析 一、 Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes, 40 points) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your an
2、swer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 0 The concept of “environment“ is certainly difficult and may even be misunderstood; but we have no handy substitute. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acti
3、ng on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental. But in actual practice this system breaks down in many ways, because the organism and the environment are constantly interacting so that the environment is modified by the organism and vice v
4、ersa. In the case of man, the difficulties with the environmental concept are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer (持有者 ) of culture. If we look at man as an animal and try to analyze the environmental forces that are acting on the organism, we
5、 find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such-like factors common to all biological situations; but we also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can only class as “cultural“, which modify the physical and biological factors. But man, as we know
6、him, is always a bearer of culture; and if we study human culture, we find that it, in turn, is modified by the environmental factors of climate and geography. We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewing culture, at one moment, as a part of the man and, at another moment
7、, as a part of the environment. 1 Which of the following words can best describe the popular understanding of “environment“ as the author sees it? （ A） Elaborate, （ B） Prejudiced. （ C） Faultless. （ D） Oversimplified. 2 According to the author, the concept of “environment“ is difficult to explain bec
8、ause_. （ A） it doesnt distinguish between the organism and the environment （ B） it involves both internal and external forces （ C） the organism and the environment influence each other （ D） the relationship between the organism and the environment is unclear 3 In analyzing the environmental forces a
9、cting on man the author suggests that_. （ A） biological factors are less important to the organism than cultural factors （ B） man and other animals are modified equally by the environmental forces （ C） man is modified by the cultural environment as well as by the natural environment （ D） physical an
10、d biological factors exert more influence on other organisms than on man 4 As for culture, the author points out that_. （ A） it develops side by side with environmental factors （ B） it is also affected by environmental factors （ C） it is generally accepted to be part of the environment （ D） it is pr
11、oduct of mans biological instincts 5 In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with_. （ A） the interpretation of the term “environment“ （ B） the discussion on organisms and biological environment （ C） the comparison between internal and external factors influencing man （ D） the evaluation o
12、f mans influence on culture 5 A computer is a machine designed to perform work mathematically and to store and select information that has been fed into it. It is run by either mechanical or electronic means. These machines can do a great deal of complicated work in a very short time. A large comput
13、er, for example, can add or subtract nine thousand times a second, multiply a thousand times a second, or divide five hundred times a second. Its percentage of error is about one in a billion digits. It has been estimated that human beings making calculations average about one mistake per two hundre
14、d digits. The heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes, or transistors. Its electronic circuits work a thousand times faster than the nerve cells in the human brain. A problem that might take a human being two years to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute, but in order to
15、work properly, a computer must be given instructions it must be programmed. Computers can be designed for many specialized purposes, they can be used to prepare payrolls , guide airplane flights, direct traffic, even to play chess. Computers play an essential role in modern automation in many plants
16、 and factories throughout the world. 6 Computers are valuable to industry because they_. （ A） can solve all mathematical problems （ B） perform rapidly （ C） eliminate mathematical errors from calculations （ D） detect errors in human calculations quickly 7 The author calls the vacuum tubes the electro
17、nic computers_. （ A） brain （ B） nerve cells （ C） heart （ D） nervous system 8 The speed with which an electronic computer works relies on_. （ A） programer （ B） instructions （ C） electronic circuits （ D） vaccum tubes 9 The passage says that computer plays an essential part in_. （ A） traffic control （
18、B） mathematical computations （ C） the development of mathematical theory （ D） automation processes 10 This passage indicates that human beings differ from computers in that human beings_. （ A） do not have to be programed （ B） make fewer errors （ C） understand their instructions （ D） work more quickl
19、y 10 Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people, but I also explain that theres a big difference between “being a writer“ and writing. In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours alone at a typewriter. “Youve got to wa
20、nt to write,“ I say to them, “not want to be a writer. “ The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded. When I left a 20-year career in the US Coast Guard to become a freelance writ
21、er (自由撰稿者 )， I had no prospects at all: What I did have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building. It didnt even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used manual typewriter and felt like a genuine writer. After a year or so, however, I still ha
22、dnt gotten a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for years. I wasnt going to be one of those people who die wondering, what if? I would keep putting my dream to the test even though it me
23、ant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. This is the Shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there. 11 The passage is meant to_. （ A） warn young people of the hardships that a successful writer has to experience （ B） advise young people to give up their idea of becomin
24、g a professional writer （ C） show young people its unrealistic for a writer to pursue wealth and fame （ D） encourage young people to pursue a writing career 12 What can be concluded from the passage? （ A） Genuine writers often find their work interesting and rewarding. （ B） A writers success depends
25、 on luck rather than on effort. （ C） Famous writers usually live in poverty and isolation. （ D） The chances for a writer to become successful are small. 13 Why did the author begin to doubt himself after the first year of his writing career? （ A） He wasnt able to produce a single book. （ B） He hadnt
26、 seen a change for the better. （ C） He wasnt able to have a rest for a whole year. （ D） He found his dream would never come true. 14 “.people who die wondering, what if?“(Line 3,Para. 3)refers to those_. （ A） who think too much of the dark side of life （ B） who regret giving up their career halfway
27、（ C） who think a lot without making a decision （ D） who are full of imagination even upon death 15 “Shadowland“ in the last sentence refers to_. （ A） the wonderland one often dreams about （ B） the bright future that one is looking forward to （ C） the state of uncertainty before ones final goal is re
28、ached （ D） a world that exists only in ones imagination 15 In an average winter, highway departments spread some ten million tons of salt to keep roads safe. The corrosive effects are well known, but for years theyve been dismissed with the argument that at around $ 25 a ton, salt is far cheaper tha
29、n any alternative. Lately, economists have added up the actual costs. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that salt-induced road damage and vehicle corrosion cost $ 3 billion a year. That does not include damage to underground cables, which adds hundreds of millions to utility bills. Nor d
30、oes it reflect the cost or salty water leaking into roadbeds, which kills evergreens and poisons streams. The various costs probably add another $ 2 billion to the national salt bill. Scientists estimate the full economic, or “life cycle“, cost for a ton of salt at $ 500, or 20 times the $ 25 purcha
31、se price. That begins to make the switch to calcium magnesium acetate (CMA), perhaps the most promising alternative, look practical. CMA costs $ 600 a ton and has minimal side effect. Some researchers believe the cost can be halved by making CMA from waste cheese whey (乳浆 ). While CMA and other alte
32、rnatives are being researched, many cities and states are cutting back on their use of salt. 16 In the second sentence of Para. 1, the word “they“ refers to_. （ A） the corrosive effects （ B） the economists （ C） the highway departments （ D） the roads 17 It can be inferred from the passage that for ma
33、ny years salt has been used to keep roads safe because_. （ A） salt can keep roads and vehicles in good condition （ B） salt is the best choice （ C） salt is thought to be comparatively cheap （ D） salt can not be replaced by any other alternatives 18 The writer implies that using salt to keep roads saf
34、e has all the following disadvantages but the fact that_. （ A） salt corrodes underground cables （ B） salt pollutes the air （ C） salt poisons streams and kills trees （ D） salt damages roads and vehicles 19 CMA is being researched because it is thought to_. （ A） be the only choice （ B） have less side
35、effect （ C） be cheaper than other alternatives （ D） be made from cheese whey 20 With what topic is the passage mainly concerned? （ A） Salt substitute for roads. （ B） The research of CMA. （ C） Environmental protection. （ D） Road and vehicle damage. 20 The food we eat seems to have profound effects on
36、 our health. Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well, esp
37、ecially cancer of the colon. Different cultures are more likely, to cause certain different illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illnesses is not a new discovery. In 1945, about 35 years ago, government researchers realized that nitrates, co
38、mmonly used to preserve color in meats, and other food additives, caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not
39、all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and living animals, and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cows. Sometimes similar drugs are given to animals not for medical purposes, but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals i
40、n order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue. 21 What is the best possible title of the passage? （ A） Food. （ B） Cancer. （ C） Drug. （ D） Health. 22 Which of the following state
41、ments is NOT true? （ A） Drugs are always given to animals for medical reasons. （ B） Some of the additives in our food are added to the food itself and some are given to the living animals. （ C） Researchers have known about the potential dangers of food additives for over 35 years. （ D） Food may caus
42、e 40% of cancer in the world. 23 How has science done something harmful to mankind? （ A） It caused a lack of information concerning the value of food. （ B） Because of science, diseases caused by polluted food have been virtually eliminated. （ C） Because of the application of science, some potentiall
43、y harmful substances have been added to food. （ D） The scientists have preserved the color of meats, but not of vegetables. 24 What are nitrates used for? （ A） They preserve flavor in packaged food. （ B） They preserve the color of meats. （ C） They are the objects of research. （ D） They cause the ani
44、mals to become fatter. 25 The word “carcinogenic“ most nearly means_. （ A） trouble-making （ B） color-retaining （ C） money-making （ D） cancer-causing 在职攻硕英语联考（阅读）模拟试卷 44答案与解析 一、 Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes, 40 points) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each of the passages
45、is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 【知识模块】 阅读 1 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 本题问从文章作者角度来看，下面哪一个词汇可以最好地表达人们普遍 是怎样理解 “环境 ”的。根据文章第一段的内容，尤其是第
46、二句话，我们可以找到与本题的正确答案相关的信息。这段指出， “环境 ”是个很难理解，甚至会被误解的概念，但我们一下子还找不到其他词来代替它。把生物和周围环境区别开来，把对有机体的影响分为内部的、生物学方面的和外部的、环境方面的两种，这种做法看起来似乎很简单。但实际上，这种分法有许多问题，因为有机体和环境始终是相互作用的。由此，我们可以推断出本题的正确答案应是 D，作者认为人们对环境的普遍理解是过于简单化了。 【知识模块】 阅读 2 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 本题问的是作者为什么说 “环境 ”这个概念难以解释清楚。文章第一段最后一句话指出，但实际上，这种分法有许多问题，因为有机体和环境始终
47、是相互作用的。因此，本题的正确答案应是 C“生物和环境之间是相互影响的 ”。而A“它没有把生物和环境区别开来 ”， B“环境涉及内部影响和外部影响 ”， D“生物和环境之间的关系不清楚 ”，在这三个选项中， A选项与文章意思相反。 B选项是错误的，因为文章说得很清楚，仅仅把环境影响分为内部的和外部的是简单化了。根据文章的第一段最后一句，生物和环境之间的关系不是说不清楚，而是由于它们 之间相互影响，所以 D也不是正确答案。 【知识模块】 阅读 3 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 本题是一道暗示引申类问题。问在分析环境对人类的影响时作者暗示了什么。根据文章第二段前两句话，至于说到人类， “环境 ”
48、这个概念就更加错综复杂了。因为人类一方面可以看做是一种动物，另一方面又具有文化的属性。当我们把人类看做动物时，分析环境对人类的影响就会涉及一切生物环境都共有的诸如气候、土壤、植物等因素。但是，我们同样又发现我们只能归作 “文化 ”一类的十分重要的环境影响，也能改变物理和生物因素。由此可知，本 题的正确答案应是 C“人类既受文化环境也受自然环境的影响 ”。选项 B错在文章并没有说人类和动物受环境的影响是等同的。同样，文章既没有就人类和其他生物谁受物理和生物因素影响大进行比较，也没有对生物因素对有机物的重要性和文化因素对人类的重要性进行比较。所以 A和 D也都不对。 【知识模块】 阅读 4 【正确
49、答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题问关于文化作者指出了什么。利用查阅式阅读法，我们可以在第二段的后半部分找到相关信息。这部分指出，但是，我们同样又发现我们只能归作 “文化 ”一类的十分重要的环境影响，也能改变 物理和生物因素。但是，正如我们所知，一方面人类始终是有文化的；另一方面，人类的文化又因为受气候和地理等环境因素的影响而产生变化。所以，本题的正确答案应是 B“人类文化也受到环境因素的影响 ”。 A“文化和环境因素的发展是同步的 ”； C“人们普遍把文化当做环境的一部分 ”； D“文化是人类的生物本能的产物 ”。这三个选项都是错误的。因为 A和 D作者并未提到。而 C的内容与文章最后一句不符。文章最后一句指出，一会儿把文化看做人类的一部分，一会儿又不得不把它当做环境的一部分，我们就会很容易陷入困境而不能自圆其说。这里说明作者并没有 同意把文化当做环境的一部分。 【知识模块】 阅读 5 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题是一道考查文章主旨题，要求概括文章中作者的主要观点。利用浏览式阅读和跳跃式阅读法，从全文内容来看，尤其是文章的第一句话 “环境这个概念很难理
