1、大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 118及答案与解析 Section C 0 The traditional distinction between products that satisfy needs and those that satisfy wants is no longer adequate to describe classes of products. In todays prosperous societies, the distinction has become blurred because so many wants have been turned into
2、needs. A writer, for instance, can work with paper and pencils. These are legitimate needs for the task. But the work can be done more quickly and efficiently with a word processor. Thus a computer is soon viewed as a need rather than a want. In the field of marketing, consumer goods are classed acc
3、ording to the way in which they are purchased. The two main categories are convenience goods and shopping goods. Two lesser types are specialty goods and unsought goods. It must be emphasized that all of these types are based on the way shoppers think about products, not on the nature of the product
4、s themselves. What is regarded as a convenience item in France(wine, for example)should be a specialty goods in the United States. People do not spend a great deal of time shopping for such convenience items as groceries, newspapers, toothpaste, razor blades, aspirin, and candy. The buying of conven
5、ience goods may be done routinely, as some families buy groceries once a week. Such regularly purchased items are called staples. Sometimes convenience products are bought on impulse: someone has a sudden desire for an ice cream sundae on a hot day. Or they may be purchased as emergency items. Shopp
6、ing goods are items for which customers search. They compare prices, quality, and styles, and may visit a number of stores before making a decision. Buying an automobile is often done this way. Shopping goods fall into two classes; those that are perceived as basically the same and those that are re
7、garded as different. Items that are looked upon as basically the same include such things as home appliances, television sets, and automobiles. Having decided on the model desired, the customer is primarily interested in getting the item at the most favorable price. Items regarded as inherently diff
8、erent include clothing, furniture, and dishes. Quality, style and fashion will either take precedence over price, or they will not matter at all. Specialty goods have characteristics that impel customers to make special efforts to find them. Price may be no consideration at all. Specialty goods can
9、include almost any kind of product. Normally, specialty goods have a brand name or other distinguishing characteristics. Unsought goods are items a consumer does not necessarily want or need or may not even know about. Promotion or advertising brings such goods to consumers attention. The product co
10、uld be something new on the market as the Sony Walkman once was or it may be a fairly standard service, such as life insurance, for which most people will usually not bother shopping. 1 It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that_. （ A） a writer needs a word processor （ B） the way to distinguish the pro
11、ducts （ C） needs and wants cant be distinguished clearly （ D） a computer is a need rather than a want 2 The example of wine is used to illustrate that_. （ A） goods are categorized differently in different countries （ B） the types of the product lie on the people rather than its nature （ C） Frenchmen
12、 often drink it but Americans sometimes do （ D） a product may belong to many types 3 Staples are commodities that_. （ A） are convenient to purchase （ B） are purchased on impulse （ C） people want but dont need （ D） people are in constant need of 4 Shopping goods that are considered as basically the s
13、ame are those that_. （ A） consumers dont care where to buy them （ B） consumers spend much time in looking for （ C） satisfy similar needs of the consumer （ D） can be found in nearly every shop 5 According to the passage, people always spend much time in looking for_. （ A） convenience goods （ B） shopp
14、ing goods （ C） shopping and specialty goods （ D） unsought goods 5 Since 1975, Dr. Griffin has been researching the idea of animal thinking and trying to make the idea a new science. He and other scientists are trying to determine whether many animals are really more than living robots governed by in
15、stinct. Could animals actually be aware of themselves and possess thoughts and feelings? Can they think about the future, make choice and plan? Such thinking about animals has long been considered unscientific. Many scientists believe there is no way to distinguish automatic, unthinking responses fr
16、om behavior involving conscious choice on the part of animals. They have agreed that any example of animal behavior should be interpreted at its simplest, most immediate level. Dr. Griffin thinks this attitude may be a little too extreme, and he has written a new book called Animal Thinking to deal
17、with these questions. In the book, Dr. Griffin gives many examples of animal behaviors that suggest animals can think and invent ways to do things. Sea birds, for example, have been observed picking up small pieces of bread and dropping them into the water to attract fish. The birds then grab the fi
18、sh as they come up to take the bread. Bears have been observed covering up the tracks they make in the ground as they walk so they can remain hidden from human hunters. And dolphins are able to understand other dolphins and perform new tricks without training, merely by watching other dolphins. Many
19、 animals have been observed using tools in creative ways to find or catch their food. Although Dr. Griffin agrees we do not know how to study animal thoughts, he does believe animals communicate thoughts and feelings to each other by sounds, gestures, facial expressions, body postures, smells and ch
20、emical signals, and other physical displays. Dr. Griffin feels that if we could only find some way to interpret these animal messages, we could learn about the thought processes involved. It is only when scientists began to ask such questions that they can begin to answer them. Pet owners wont be su
21、rprised if Dr. Griffin one day proves that animals can think. Theyve known this about their dogs all along and will probably wonder why it took scientists so long to find out about it. 6 To some extent, which one is the main reason that Dr. Griffin believes animals can think? （ A） Doing things in cr
22、eative ways. （ B） Expressing their own feelings. （ C） Protecting themselves in different ways. （ D） Making different facial expressions. 7 According to the passage, dolphins can_. （ A） offer different sound and gesture responses to the stimuli （ B） do feel sympathetic at seeing other animals failing
23、 to find food （ C） hide from the attacks by other dangerous animals （ D） do new tricks by way of self taught imitation from their peers 8 According to Dr. Griffin, in order to learn about the animals thinking processes, what is the main thing scientists have to do? （ A） They must question if animals
24、 can think. （ B） They are able to question if animals can think. （ C） They should get to know how some animals learn to play tricks. （ D） They should try to learn how animals communicate with each other. 9 According to the traditional opinion, which can support the idea that animals can think? （ A）
25、Instinct. （ B） Feelings. （ C） Sounds. （ D） Awareness and emotions. 10 To Dr. Griffins conclusion, which attitude Is the one most pet owners take? （ A） They think differently from Dr. Griffin. （ B） They certainly believe the thinking power of their own pets. （ C） They believe so but arent sure. （ D）
26、They will laugh at Dr. Griffins ridiculous deductions. 10 The old-fashioned general store is fast disappearing. This is, perhaps, a pity, because shopping today seems to lack that personal element which existed when the shopkeeper knew all his regular customers personally. He could remember which br
27、and of tea Mrs. Smith usually bought or what sort of washing powder Mrs. Jones preferred. Not only was the shop a center of retail trade, but also a social meeting place. Gossip was always exchanged over the counter and the shopkeeper was often the most well-informed person in the neighborhood. A pr
28、osperous general store might have employed four or five assistants, and so there were very few problems of a managerial nature as far as the staffs were concerned. But now that the supermarket has replaced the general store, the job of manager has changed completely. The modern supermarket manager h
29、as to cope with a staff of as many as a hundred, apart from all the other everyday problems of running a large business. Every morning the manager must, like the commander of an army division, carry out an inspection of his store, to make sure that everything is ready for the business of the day. He
30、 must see that everything is running smoothly. He will have to give advice and make decisions on any problem that may arise, but his staff have their own responsibilities for their various departments, and so the manager delegated certain duties to them. Then he may interview people who have applied
31、 for jobs in the supermarket, together with the staff supervisor. Special promotions or displays may have to be discussed. Prices may have to be altered after a careful consultation of the current market prices list; for example, the wholesale price of cabbages may have dropped, or meat, may have go
32、ne up. But no matter what he has to do throughout the day, the store manager must be ready for any emergency that may arise, no matter how unexpected. They say in the trade that you are not really an experienced supermarket manager until you have dealt with a flood, a fire, a birth and a death in yo
33、ur store. 11 Why does the author have a pity that there are few old fashioned general stores now? （ A） To retail, there is less trade. （ B） A lot of gossips existed in the old days. （ C） There is less personal contact between managers and customers. （ D） To supermarket manager, he has far more probl
34、ems than before. 12 The word “gossip“(Line 6, Para. 1)probably means_. （ A） friendship （ B） currency （ C） informal talk （ D） profit or goods 13 How has the supermarket manager changed on the job? （ A） He doesnt sell tea and washing powder any more. （ B） There are fewer people coming to the shop. （ C
35、） He has to deal with a much larger staff. （ D） His assistants have fewer problems. 14 Which of the following statements is TRUE? （ A） The shopkeeper in the old general store was reluctant to chat with customers. （ B） There was only one assistant the shopkeeper in the old fashioned general store. （
36、C） The supermarket offers more communication chances for people. （ D） The supermarket manager has a lot of things to decide. 15 Which of the followings is the best title for this passage? （ A） The Supermarket Manager （ B） The Supermarket in Society （ C） The Supermarket and the Old Fashioned General
37、Store （ D） The Manager and His Staff 15 Over a century ago, Alfred Russell Wallace wrote that “ we live in a zoologically impoverished world, from which all the hugest, and fiercest, and strangest forms have recently disappeared.“. Researchers seeking to explain this “marvelous fact“, as Wallace cal
38、led it, fall into two camps, one invoking global climatic change and the other human hunting as the cause. Over the past few decades, the debate has become deadlocked, in part because most researchers have focused their attention on the America and northern Eurasia, where the extinction of the huge,
39、 fierce, and strange creatures, such as mammoths, and giant sloths, occurred between 12,500 and about 11,000 years ago. This was a time of rapid climatic change, but it was also when humans first arrived in these regions, making it difficult to discern causality. Australia provides the only separate
40、, continent sized natural laboratory in which dramatic Quaternary extinctions occurred. It is thus of exceptional importance as a testing ground for extinction theories, but until now problems with dating have limited its potential. Miller et al. have now documented the extinction of the gigantic Au
41、stralian bird Genyornis and so have broken new ground in dating megafaunal(大型动物的 )extinction in Australia. At the same time, these authors have broken the current deadlock in the great megafaunal extinction debate. It has long been appreciated that the intensity of Quaternary extinctions varied grea
42、tly around the world. In the oceans, Africa, and southeast Asia, they were nonexistent or mild. Europe experienced moderate extinction rates, whereas the Americas, Australia, Madagascar, and many Oceanic islands suffered dramatic extinctions. North America lost 73% of all genera weighing more than 4
43、4 kg, but Australia suffered the most severely of all the continents, losing every terrestrial vertebrate species larger than a human, as well as many smaller mammals, reptiles, and flightless birds, the latter down to about a kilogram in weight. In all, about 60 vertebrate species were lost, includ
44、ing bizarre marsupials that resembled giant sloths, carnivorous kangaroos, and a terrestrial horned tortoise that approached the size of a Volkswagen Beetle car. Establishing just when this bizarre array of creatures last trod Australias outback has been a tortuous business, with many false leads an
45、d sites that are difficult to interpret. For decades, it was believed that the megafauna survived until close to the time of the glacial maximum, some 20,000 years ago, when temperatures were up to 9C cooler than at present and the continent was extremely arid. Conditions were so extreme that trees
46、virtually disappeared from the inland, and 40% of Australia was transformed into a vast active dune field. 16 What is this passage mainly about? （ A） Researching the possible cause of Quaternary extinctions. （ B） Contrasting the intensity of megafaunal extinctions between different continents. （ C）
47、Expressing the most destructive agent in the extinction of species. （ D） Giving the outline of the strange phenomenon of Quaternary extinctions. 17 In America and northern Eurasia, the direct reason for the megafaunal extinction is_. （ A） humans hunting （ B） climates change （ C） impoverished land （
48、D） in dispute 18 As pointed out by the author the basic problem of extinction research about Australia lies in_. （ A） little convincing archeological evidence （ B） restricted variety of gigantic creatures （ C） determining the date when dramatic extinction occurred （ D） difficulty to discern casualti
49、es 19 Which of the following is included in the content of this passage? （ A） In Quaternary extinctions Australia lost every terrestrial vertebrate species. （ B） The globe was close to glacial maximum some 20,000 years ago. （ C） Australia is an ideal nature laboratory to test extinction theory. （ D） In Australia human beings survived Quaternary to test extinction. 20 What does the word “bizarre“(Line 8, Para. 4)mean? （ A） Uncommon or strange. （ B） Secret or supernatural. （ C） Dramatic or strong. （ D） Vast or huge. 大学英语 六级改革
