1、大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 130及答案与解析 Section A 0 The first step to defeating an enemy is to pin down his exact identity and how he operates. Hypertension chronic, abnormally raised blood pressure causes heart attacks, strokes and a multitude of other【 C1】 _conditions. Around a third of Americans and Britons
2、 suffer from it. It is thus a worthy enemy and【 C2】 _its cause is a priority. Until now, this has mostly seemed to lie in the kidneys. But Hidefumi Waki and Julian Paton of Bristol University think they have gathered some valuable new【 C3】_ by studying the brain. In a previous experiment Dr Waki and
3、 Dr Paton had found that rodents(啮齿动物 )with high blood pressure expressed some genes differently in an area of the brain, called the solitary nucleus(核子 ), which sets the bodys normal blood pressure level. One of these genes was called “junctional adhesion(粘连 )molecule-1 “ or JAM-1 for short. It is
4、a molecule normally found in the walls of blood【 C4】 _that attracts clotting and immune cells in other words, it causes inflammation. So the pair decided to look at JAM-1 in further depth. They found that in rats with high blood pressure JAM-1 levels were raised not only in the brain but also the ki
5、dney, spleen, lungs and skeletal muscle. To find out whether this was the cause or effect of high blood pressure, they then【 C5】 _the JAM-1 gene into the solitary nucleus of normal rats. After two weeks, these rats suffered from higher blood pressure than rats that had not received the gene. 【 C6】 _
6、, experts thought that high blood pressure was caused by the kidneys. The idea was that the kidneys failed to【 C7】 _the blood pressure. This then caused the lungs to make a hormone(荷尔蒙 )that increases blood pressure, leading to a chain of events that raised pressure throughout the blood-vessel netwo
7、rk. All blood-pressure-lowering drugs work by seeking to put this right. Yet blaming the kidneys cannot be the full【 C8】 _of what is going on, because only half the sufferers respond to blood-pressure-lowering drugs. Although these findings are【 C9】 _, they have far-reaching implications. Variations
8、 in the JAM-1 gene and its expression may explain why high blood pressure tends to run in families, although it is also caused by a poor diet. The finding also shows that the brain could increase the activity of the sympathetic nerves, the part of the nervous system involved in stress response. Ulti
9、mately, the finding could hasten the development of drugs that would attack hypertension at its source, stopping its deadly【 C10】_in their tracks. A)sturdy I)explanation B)vessels J)consequences C)previously K)nasty D)perseverance L)reproaching E)nailing M)transferred F)preliminary N)intelligence G)
10、sense O)accordingly H)reconcile 1 【 C1】 2 【 C2】 3 【 C3】 4 【 C4】 5 【 C5】 6 【 C6】 7 【 C7】 8 【 C8】 9 【 C9】 10 【 C10】 Section B 10 Germans Education System AGermany invented the modern university but long ago lost its leading position to other countries, especially America. These days the land of poets
11、and thinkers is prouder of its “ dual system“ for training skilled workers such as bakers and electricians. Teenagers not bound for university apply for places in three-year programmes combining classroom learning with practical experience within companies. The direct benefit is superior German qual
12、ity in haircuts as well as cars. Dual training “is the reason were the world export champion“ , says Mrs Schavan, the education minister. Azubis(trainees)acquire not just a professional qualification but an identity. BBut the dual system is under pressure. The number of places offered by companies h
13、as long been falling short of the number of applicants. Almost as many youngsters move into a “ transitional system“ , a grab-bag of remedial education programs designed to prepare them for the dual system or another qualification. Often it turns out to be a dead end, especially for male immigrants.
14、 And given that Germany produces far fewer university graduates than many comparable countries, some wonder whether the dual system is producing the right qualifications for the knowledge-based professions of the future. CThe system is governed by a consortium(协会 )representing almost everyone who co
15、unts: the federal and state governments, the chambers of commerce and the unions. It regulates access to 350 narrowly defined trades. You can train to become a goldsmith, or if you want to manage a McDonalds you learn Systemgastronomie. Baking bread and pastries(糕点 )are separate disciplines. Schools
16、 outside the system may not train Azubis for a reserved trade. DIt makes sense to combine theory and practice, says Heike Solga of the Social Science Research Centre in Berlin, but the dual system is rigid and discriminatory. And because the trades are so specialized, getting a job at the end can be
17、 hard. In 2005 more than a third of graduates were unemployed a year after completing their course. Once a scholar, always a scholar EThe type of secondary school a German attends, the degree he obtains and the exams he passes classify him for life. The differentiations are made earlier and more rig
18、idly than in other countries. Many children are typecast(定型 )at age ten, which is when most German states decide which of three kinds of secondary school he or she will attend. Traditionally the Hauptschulen, the lowest tier, were the main suppliers of recruits to the dual training system, but they
19、gradually became dumping grounds for children who could not keep up. Upon leaving(sometimes without passing the final exam), nearly 40% of these students find themselves in the precarious transitional system. The dual system now draws its intake mainly from the middle-grade Realschulen, the traditio
20、nal training ground for white-collar workers, and even Gymnasien(grammar schools), the main route to university. FThe state bureaucracy acknowledges four career paths: the simple, middle, elevated and higher services. Bureaucrats in one category can rarely be ambitious to careers. Teachers in Gymnas
21、ien enjoy a higher status than those at other schools, and have their own trade union, the grandly named Philologenverband. A Meisterbrief, the highest vocational credential(证书 ), is not just a badge of competence but in some trades a keep-off sign to competitors. GGermans are now asking themselves
22、whether this way of doing things is fair, and whether it is working. Although income is distributed relatively equally, opportunity is not. “ Germany is one of the most rigid among the relatively advanced societies,“ says Karl Ulrich Mayer, a sociologist at Yale University. But social exclusiveness
23、has not produced excellence. The 2001 “ PISA shock“ a set of OECD figures which revealed that German 15-year-olds scored in the bottom third among schoolchildren from 32 countries in tests of reading and maths has not worn off. Overall, Germanys performance remains mediocre. More than a fifth of 15-
24、year-olds cannot read or calculate properly; 8% of teenagers drop out of school. A war of ideologies HThere is “ no consensus on the content and goals of education“ , says Mrs Schavan. The arguments extend from primary schools to universities and are as much about tradition and status as about learn
25、ing. Many Germans are to scrap a system so closely identified with the countrys economic and cultural success. IA controversy now raging in Hamburg, a port city and one of Germanys smallest states, illustrates the strife. In 2008 the Christian Democrats, normally champions of the three-tier high-sch
26、ool system, formed their first state-level coalition with the left-leaning Green Party. The Greens won agreement for a radical school reform, mainly by extending primary schooling(and thus shortening secondary schooling)by two years. The idea was that if streaming children by ability is done later,
27、the slower ones will have a better chance of doing well and the brighter ones will at least fare no worse. JMiddle-class parents of Gymnasium-bound children rebelled. The “ Gucci protesters“ collected more than enough signatures to get the reform put to a referendum. The parents fear that their chil
28、dren will be dragged down by academic laggards in the name of social justice, although such evidence as is available points in the opposite direction. KAlmost any education reform offends somebody. In a move to strengthen federalism in 2006, the federal government was banned from investing in areas
29、reserved for the 16 states(including education), which makes serious reform even harder. Progress is halting but the direction is fairly clear; the system is being streamlined, schools are being made more accountable and the hierarchy is becoming less rigid. As with so many things in Gexmany, change
30、 proceeds by skills of hand. LThe 2001 PISA results, which not only compared Germany with other countries but individual German states with each other, put state education ministers under pressure. Both states and the federal government are sharpening their instruments for measuring schools performa
31、nce. Starting in 2005, the states for the first time submitted to binding quality standards for secondary schools. MThe universities are embroiled in a row of their own. They have given up the revered Diplom to comply with Europes Bologna process, which mandates(mostly shorter)bachelors and masters
32、degrees. This is meant to make German system compatible with others in Europe(and encourage students to move around), and to award more useful degrees. Hard-core traditionalists oppose the reform in principle, but the main objections are its sometimes sloppy implementation and the scant resources av
33、ailable to universities in general. 11 The direct benefit for German from the “dual system“ is that all products are of good quality. 12 According to the rigid state bureaucracy acknowledgment, Meisterbrief is a highest certification and a sign of status. 13 The controversial dual system has a privi
34、lege of controlling 350 defined trades. 14 According to Heike Solga, the dual system lacks flexibility and shows prejudice. 15 Almost any education reform offends somebody, so it should be proceeded by skills of hand. 16 In Germany, children can be classified for a promising life if they can attend
35、Gymnasien. 17 The comparisons of PISA results between countries and states result in binding quality standards for secondary schools. 18 The rigid class social system produced commonplace talents. 19 The aim of the universities reform in Germany is not only to award useful degrees, but make German s
36、ystem compatible with European ones. 20 The controversy raging in Hamburg focuses on extending primary schooling. Section C 20 When Melissa Mahan and her husband visited the Netherlands, they felt imprisoned(被囚禁的 )by their tour bus. It forced them to see the city according to a particular route and
37、specific schedule but going off on their own meant missing out on the information provided by the guide. On their return home to San Diego, California, they started a new company called Tour Coupes. Now, when tourists in San Diego rent one of their small, brightly coloured three-wheeled vehicles, th
38、ey are treated to a narration over the stereo system about the places they pass, triggered by Global Positioning System(GPS)satellite technology. This is just one example of how GPS is being used to provide new services to tourists. “What we really have here is a technology that allows people to for
39、get about the technology,“ says Jim Carrier of IntelliTours, a GPS tourism firm which began offering a similar service over a year ago in Montgomery, Alabama. The city is packed with sites associated with two important chapters in American history, the Civil War of the 1860 s and the Civil Rights Mo
40、vement a century later. Montgomery has a 120-year-old trolley system, called the Lightning Route, which circulates around the downtown area and is mainly used by tourists. On the Lightning Route trolleys, GPS-triggered audio clips point out historical hotspots. Other firms, such as CityShow in New Y
41、ork and GPS Tours Canada in Banff, Canada, offer hand-held GPS receivers that play audio clips for listening to while walking or driving. In South Africa, Europcar, a car-rental firm, offers a device called the Xplorer. As well as providing commentary on 2,000 points of interest, it can also warn dr
42、ivers if they exceed the local speed limit. If such services prove popular, the use of dedicated audio-guide devices could give way to a different approach. A growing number of mobile phones have built-in GPS or can determine their locations using other technologies. Information for tourists deliver
43、ed via phones could be updated in real time and could contain advertisements. “ Location-based services“ , such as the ability to call up a list of nearby banks or pizzerias, have been talked about for years but have never taken off. But aiming such services at tourists makes sense since people are
44、more likely to want information when in an unfamiliar place. It could give mobile roaming(漫游 )a whole new meaning. 21 Which of the following is the advantage of Tour Coupes? （ A） The visitors can drive brightly colored three-wheeled vehicles. （ B） The visitors can arrange the route according to the
45、guides idea. （ C） The visitors can hear a narration over the stereo system about the places they pass. （ D） The visitors can visit the place with specific schedule. 22 Melissa Mahans story is mentioned in the text to_. （ A） show tourism of Netherlands is no more than that of US （ B） introduce the to
46、pic of Location-based services by GPS （ C） show that they are dissatisfied with traveling （ D） explain the reason why they start a new company 23 The word “ chapters“(Line 5, Para. 2)denotes_. （ A） events （ B） local branches of an organization （ C） divisions of a book （ D） periods of time 24 It can
47、be inferred from Paragraph 3 that_. （ A） location-based services are popular in many fields （ B） Europcar offers hand-held GPS receivers （ C） CityShow offers a service similar to IntelliTours （ D） Xplorer can warn drivers when they offend 25 When a traveler is in an unfamiliar place, _. （ A） mobile
48、roaming will meet his needs （ B） he wants to know something about it （ C） location-based services play a key role in his traveling （ D） he must understand the roles of location-based services 25 The man who invented Coca-cola was not a native Atlanta, but on the day of his funeral every drugstore in
49、 town testimonially(表示纪念地 )shut up shop. He was John Styth Pemberton, bom in 1833 in Knoxville, Georgia, eighty miles away. Sometimes known as Doctor, Pemberton was a pharmacist who, during the Civil War, led a cavalry troop under General Joe Wheeler. He settled in Atlanta in 1869, and soon began brewing such patent medicines as Triplex Liver Pills and Globe of Flower Cough Syrup(糖浆 ). In 1885, he registered a trademark for something called French Wine Coca
