1、大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 282及答案与解析 Section B 0 How the CIA Works ADespite plenty of Hollywood films about the CIA and its spies, many people still dont know what the agency actually does. The CIA stands for the Central Intelligence Agency. Its primary stated mission is to collect, evaluate and spread fore
2、ign intelligence to assist the president and senior United States government policymakers in making decisions about national security. The CIA may also engage in covert(秘密的 )action at the presidents request. It doesnt make policy. It isnt allowed to spy on the domestic activities of Americans or to
3、participate in assassinations, either though it has been accused of doing both. BThe CIA reports both to the executive and legislative branches. During the CIAs history, the amount of oversight has ebbed and flowed. On the executive side, the CIA must answer to three groups the National Security Cou
4、ncil, the Presidents Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and the Intelligence Oversight Board. CIA History CThe United States has always engaged in foreign intelligence activities. Covert action aided the patriots in winning the Revolutionary War. But the first formal, organized agencies didnt exist
5、 until the 1880s, when the Office of Naval Intelligence and the Armys Military Intelligence Division were created. Around World War I, the Bureau of Investigation(the forerunner of the FBI)took over intelligence-gathering duties. The intelligence structure continued through several repetitions. For
6、example, the Office of Strategic Services, known as the OSS, was established in 1942 and abolished in 1945. DAfter World War II, U.S. leaders struggled with how to improve national intelligence. The Pearl Harbor bombing, which brought the United States into World War II, was considered a major intel
7、ligence failure. EIn 1947, President Harry Truman signed the National Security Act, which created the CIA. The act also created a director of central intelligence, who had three different roles: the presidents principal adviser on security issues, the head of the entire U.S. intelligence community a
8、nd the head of the CIA, one of the agencies within that intelligence community. This structure was revised in 2004, with the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, which created the position of director of national intelligence to oversee the intelligence community. Now, the director of t
9、he CIA reports to the director of national intelligence. FTwo years later, Congress passed the Central Intelligence Agency Act, which allows the agency to keep its budget and staffing secret. For many years, the agencys primary mission was to protect the United States against communism and the Sovie
10、t Union during the Cold War. These days, the agency has an even more complex job to protect the United States from terrorist threats from all over the globe. CIA Structure GThe CIA is broken down into four different teams, each with its own responsibilities. National Clandestine Service is where the
11、 so-called “spies“ work. NCS employees go undercover abroad to collect foreign intelligence. They recruit agents to collect what is called “human intelligence.“ What kinds of people work for the NCS? NCS employees are generally well-educated, know other languages, like to work with people from all o
12、ver the world and can adapt to any situation, including dangerous ones. Most people, including their friends and family members, will never know exactly what NCS employees do. Later well take a look at how the spies stay undercover and check out some of their cool gadgets. HThe people on Directorate
13、 of Science and Technology team collect overt, or open source, intelligence. Overt intelligence consists of information that appears on TV, on the radio, in magazines or in newspapers. They also use electronic and satellite photography. This team usually recruits people who enjoy science and enginee
14、ring. IAll of the information gathered by the first two teams is turned over to the Directorate of Intelligence. Members of this team interpret the information and write reports about it. A DI employee must have excellent writing and analytical skills, be comfortable presenting information in front
15、of groups and be able to handle deadline pressure. JDirectorate of Support team provides support for the rest of the organization and handles things like hiring and training. “The Directorate of Support attracts the person who may be a specialist in a field such as an artist or a finance officer, or
16、 a generalist with many different talents,“ according to the CIA Web site. Spy Stuff KAbout a third of the agencys estimated 20, 000 employees are undercover or have been at some point in their CIA careers, according to a Los Angeles Times story, which explored just how they keep those covers. LMost
17、 of the agencys overseas officers are under official cover, meaning they pose as employees of another government agency, such as the state department. A much smaller number are under nonofficial cover or NOC(pronounced “knock“). This means they usually pose as employees of real international corpora
18、tions, employees of fake companies or as students. Valerie Plame worked as a NOC, posing as the employee of a shell company in Boston called Brewster-Jennings. NOC is more dangerous than having an official cover, because if NOCs are caught by a foreign intelligence service, they have no diplomatic i
19、mmunity to protect them from prosecution in that country. MIn a newspaper interview, an anonymous source said that he posed as a mid-level executive at multinational corporations while collecting intelligence overseas for more than a decade. He worked several years as a business consultant before jo
20、ining the agency, giving him a great resume for the NOC program. Senior executives at his covert employers were aware of his real job, but his coworkers day-to-day were not. He carried out the normal duties that someone in his cover job would do, once even working on a $2 million deal. However, he a
21、lso often spent three or four nights a week holding secret meetings. NThere is plenty of lore(传说 )about the cloak-and-dagger lives that spies lead. Some of it is just that-lore. On the other hand, spies through the years really have used a variety of gadgets and technology to do their jobs. Some are
22、 now treasured up at the CIA Museum. Highlights of the museum include:(1)The dead drop spike, a concealment device that has been used since the late 1960s to hide money, maps, documents, microfilm and other items. The spike is waterproof and can be shoved into the ground or placed in a shallow strea
23、m to be retrieved later.(2)The Mark IV microdot camera was used to pass documents between agents in East and West Berlin during the 1950s and 60s. Agents took photographs that were the size of a pinhead and glued them to typed letters. The agent who received the letter could then view the image unde
24、r a microscope.(3)The silver dollar hollow container is still being used today. It looks like a silver dollar and can be used to hide messages or film. OThough the agency has had its share of failures and scandals, the government still depends heavily on the CIA to provide intelligence and assist wi
25、th maintaining national security. 1 Some of the CIA employees are required to be very good at writing and analyzing. 2 The security act signed by the US president in the 1940s led to the establishment of the CIA 3 According to an anonymous source, several years of working experience as a business co
26、nsultant gave him great advantage to join the CIA. 4 The CIA also recruits those who are interested in science and engineering. 5 The CIA was granted the permission to keep its budget and staffing secret by an act. 6 Even friends and families of those spies will never know what they actually do. 7 O
27、ne of the new tasks of the CIA is to protect the United States from terrorist threats. 8 Engaging in secret action at the presidents request is among the CIAs responsibility. 9 At the CIA museum, one can see the silver dollar hollow container, a gadget which is still in use nowadays. 10 An overseas
28、officer without an official cover often faces more danger to life because he is not provided with diplomatic immunity. 10 Smother Love AEvery morning, Leanne Brickland and her sister would bicycle to school with the same words ringing in their ears: “Watch out crossing the road. Dont speak to strang
29、ers“. “Mum would stand at the top of the steps and call that out,“ says Brickland, now a primary-school teacher and mother of four from Rotorua, New Zealand. Substitute boxers and thongs for undies(内衣 ), and the nagging fears that haunt parents havent really changed. What has altered, dramatically,
30、is the confidence we once had in our childrens ability to fling themselves at life without a grown-up holding their hands. BBy todays standards, the childhood freedoms Brickland took for granted practically verge on parental neglect. Her mother worked, so she and her sister had a key to let themselv
31、es in after school and were expected to do their homework and put on the potatoes for dinner. At the familys beach house near Wellington, the two girls, from the age of five or six, would disappear for hours to play in the lakes and sands. CA generation later, Bricklands children are growing up in a
32、 world more indulged yet more accustomed to peril. The techno-minded generation of PlayStation kids who can conquer entire armies and rocket through space cant even be trusted to cross the street alone. “I walked or biked to school for years, but my children dont,“ Brickland admits. “I worry about t
33、he road. I worry about strangers. In some ways I think theyre missing out, but I like to be able to see them, to know where they are and what theyre doing.“ DCall it smother love, indulged-kid syndrome, parental neurosis(神经症 ). Even though todays chil- dren have the universe at their fingertips than
34、ks to the Internet, their physical boundaries are shrinking at a rapid pace. According to British social scientist Mayer Hillman, a childs play zone has contracted so radically that were producing the human equivalent of henhouse chickens plump from lack of exercise and without the flexibility and i
35、nitiative of free-range kids of the past. The spirit of our times is no longer the resourceful adventurer Tom Sawyer but rather the worry-ridden dad and his stifled only child in Finding Nemo. EIn short, child rearing has become an exercise in risk minimization, represented by stories such as the fa
36、ther who refused to allow his daughter on a school picnic to the beach for fear she might drown. While its natural for a parent to want to protect their children from danger, you have to wonder Have we gone too far? FA study conducted by Paul Tranter, a lecturer in geography at the Australian Defenc
37、e Force Academy in Canberra, showed that while Australian and New Zealand children had similar amounts of unsupervised freedom, it was far less than German or English kids. For example, only a third of ten-year-olds in Australia and New Zealand were allowed to visit places other than school alone, c
38、ompared to 80 percent in Germany. GGirls were even more restricted than boys, with parents fearing assault or molestation(骚扰 ), while traffic dangers were seen as the greatest threat to boys. Bike ownership has doubled in a generation, but“independent mobility“ the ability to roam and explore unsupe
39、rvised has radically declined. In Auckland, for example, many primary schools have done away with bicycle racks because the streets are considered too unsafe. And in Christchurch, New Zealands most bike-friendly city, the number of pupils cycling to school has fallen from more than 90 percent in the
40、 late 1970s to less than 20 percent. Safely strapped into the family 4x4, children are instead driven from home to the school gate, then off to ballet, soccer or swimming lessons rarely straying from watchful adult eyes. HIn the U.S. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation five-year-old Chloe Hoso
41、n in Australia, whose body was found just 200 metres from where she lived; and six-year-old Teresa Cormack in New Zealand, who was snatched off the street on her way to school only serve to reinforce parents fears. Teresa Cormacks death, for example, was one of the rare New Zealand cases of random c
42、hild kidnap. In Australia, the odds of someone under the age of 15 being murdered by a stranger have been estimated at one in four million. LHowever, parental fear is contagious. In one British study, far more children feared an attack by a stranger than being hit by a car. “We are losing our sense
43、of perspective,“ write Jan Parker and Jan Stimpson in their parenting book, Raising Happy Children. “Every parent has to negotiate their own route between equipping children with the skills they need to stay safe and not restricting or terrifying them unnecessarily in the process.“ MDr. Claire Freem
44、an, a planning expert at the University of Otago, points to the erosion of community responsibility as another casualty of that mutual distrust. Not so long ago, adults knew all the local kids and were the informal guardians of the neighbourhood. “Now, particularly if you are a man, you may hesitate
45、 to offer help to a lost child for fear your motives might be questioned.“ NAs a planner in the mid-1990s, Freeman became concerned about the loss of green space to development and the erosion of informal places to play. In a study that looked at how children in the British city of Leeds spent their
46、 summer holidays, compared with their parents childhood experiences, she found the freedom to explore had been severely contracted in some cases, down to the front yard. Freeman says she cannot remember being inside the house as a child, or being alone. Growing up was about being part of a group. No
47、w a mother of four, Freeman believes the “domestication of play“ is robbing kids of their sense of belonging within a society. ONevertheless, Freeman says childrens needs are starting to get more emphasis. In the Netherlands, child-friendly “home zones“ have been created where priority is given to p
48、edestrians, rather than cars. And ponds are being incorporated back into housing estates on the principle that children should learn to be safe around water, rather than be surrounded by a barren landscape. After all, as one of the smarter fish says in Finding Nemo, theres one problem with promising
49、 your kids that nothing will ever happen to them because then nothing ever will. 11 To protect children from traffic dangers, parents drive their children to school and other extracurricular activities. 12 A study found that fearing an attack Outnumbers fearing being hit by a car among children. 13 A social scientist indicates that nowadays childrens play zones have shrunk sharply, resulting in their lack of flexibility and initiative which free-range kids had. 14 According to a primary-sc
