1、大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 310及答案与解析 Section A 0 Lack of sleep makes you gain weight and raises your risk for heart disease and diabetes, apart from resulting in【 C1】 _vision and questionable decision. Researchers have known for a while that sleep【 C2】 _tends to lead to overeating. And several studies have
2、suggested that staying up all night or even just cutting back by a couple of hours makes people【 C3】 _to the calls of fast food, pizza and candy. Short sleep affects hormones that influence hunger, experts say, and the brains reward center becomes【 C4】 _active, drawing you to the carbs and fat. Rese
3、archers dont know the exact point of sleeplessness that【 C5】 _ones want for pizza or chocolate or other kinds of food. “There are【 C6】 _individual differences,“ says Jonathan Wisor, a sleep scientist at Washington State University. Recent research has confirmed that a pattern of insufficient sleep r
4、aises your risk for overweight and diabetes, too. Experts suspect that the results could【 C7】 _to anyone who works long hours or spends a lot of time staring at a smartphonet just before bed, and to people who【 C8】 _from insomnia or sleep disorder. If you assume youre safe because study conditions t
5、end to be fairly extreme, you had better think again. People who regularly get less than the【 C9】 _amount of sleep have been observed to eat 200 to 500 more calories per day than people who do not. Should you【 C10】 _time for a workout while being in lack of sleep? No. When you drop below 6.5 or six
6、hours of sleep, you need sleep more than you need to exercise. A)vulnerable B)deprivation C)optimum D)precaution E)squeeze F)triggers G)remarkably H)apply I)suffer J)regularly K)tremendous L)transcends M)blurred N)transient O)recruit 1 【 C1】 2 【 C2】 3 【 C3】 4 【 C4】 5 【 C5】 6 【 C6】 7 【 C7】 8 【 C8】 9
7、【 C9】 10 【 C10】 Section B 10 Five Myths about College Debt AThe trillion-dollar student debt burden has caused many debates about the value of college. Some argue that we educate too many young people. Indeed, average tuition costs have gone up faster than the rate of inflation. The cost of college
8、today is, in inflation-adjusted terms, roughly double what it was in 1980. This creates legitimate concerns about the continued affordability of a college education. BBut the debaters often have their facts wrong. Very few Americans graduate with $100,000 in debt; college makes more sense today than
9、 ever; and no, our universities arent blowing their money to fund college dorms and football stadiums. Myth 1: The financial return for going to college is less now than it used to be. CIf anything, the value of an investment in college is higher now than its ever been. The college premium(the diffe
10、rence between the earnings of college graduates and high school graduates)is at its highest level ever. DIt is true that in the years since the Great Recession, wages for recent college graduates have declined about 5 percent, but wages for those without a college degree have declined more than twic
11、e that, between 10 and 12 percent, increasing the college premium. Furthermore, the proportion of recent graduates who have gotten jobs coming out of college has been virtually unchanged from before the recession. In contrast, the employment rate for high school graduates and associate-degree holder
12、s has dropped by 8 to 10 percent Similarly, throughout the recession, the overall unemployment rate for bachelors degree holders has consistently been half that of non-college graduates. Myth 2: Colleges are not preparing students with the skills needed in the current workplace. EAll of the economic
13、 data suggests the exact opposite that the productivity of U.S. college graduates in the workplace is increasing. The broadest measure of the productivity differential between high school graduates and college graduates is how much employers are willing to pay for the latter over the former. This is
14、 known as the “college premium“, and it has increased steadily since the 1970s. This is not due to a diminished supply of college graduates(indeed, the supply has risen over that period). FThe college premium is larger in the United States than in virtually any other economically developed country.
15、Across the 34 countries that make up the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD), employers on average are willing to pay 1.8 times as much for a college graduate as they are for, an unskilled worker. But in the United States, employers pay 2.6 times as much for a college graduat
16、e. GA recent Milken Institute study found that for each additional year of college attained by the residents of a region, the per capita gross domestic product of the region increases a remarkable 17,4 percent. The authors argue that the increased regional productivity is largely the result of the i
17、ncreased productivity of a college-educated workforce.(Interestingly, they do not see a similar jump in productivity for additional education at the high school level.) Myth 3: On average, students are now borrowing $_ to pay for their college education. HThis is a myth, or at the very least mislead
18、ing, for almost any figure reported in the national press.(Though the reported figures vary, the amount is generally more than $25,000.)There are several reasons for this, principally that the data being reported are generally based on one or another report of outstanding student loan balances or av
19、erage debt levels for those with loans. IWhat most people are interested in, and what most people interpret these figures to represent, is how much a typical student must borrow to finance an undergraduate(bachelors)degree. Unfortunately, most figures reported lump together all student loan debt for
20、 both undergraduate degrees and professional degrees. Furthermore, they report data on the average(mean)debt level among those who borrowed, not the median debt among all students, both those who borrowed and those who did not. JData on debt levels at time of graduation is far harder to obtain. The
21、Department of Education periodically gathers this information, but its most recent report only covers those who received bachelors degrees in 2008. Myth 4: College debt is at a crisis level. KCollege debt now exceeds total credit-card debt and total auto loans, both of which have dropped since the b
22、eginning of the recession. It is in fact the only kind of household debt that continued to increase throughout the recession. LThere are three reasons for the increase. First, more students are going to college. Second, a higher percentage of them are borrowing to finance their education. And third,
23、 the amount they are borrowing has increased. Obviously, the first reason is to be applauded. It is in the interest of the students and the nation that more high school graduates go on to college. MThe fact that more students are borrowing more to attend college is the result of several different fa
24、ctors, only partly the increased cost of tuition. Another major factor is a marked decline in college savings. According to Moodys, during the past three years, the proportion of families with any college savings dropped from 60 percent to 50 percent, and those who saved set aside an average of only
25、 $11,781, down from $21,615 three years ago(a 45 percent decline). NWhat this means is that more families are substituting debt for college savings. But these are just alternative ways of spreading the cost of college over multiple years. This is certainly no more worrisome than the switch from buyi
26、ng refrigerators with debt rather than layaway plans. OBut even more important is the fact that college spending is an investment in human capital. The Hamilton Project estimates that a students spending on college has a financial return of over 15 percent, more than twice the average return of a st
27、ock market investment over the past 60 years. When corporate America increases its debt to invest in physical capital new factories, etc. we do not consider it a crisis. It is a positive investment in future productivity. Similarly, when individuals borrow to invest in their own human capital, this
28、is an investment in future productivity. We should arguably celebrate the fact that college debt, an investment in the future, exceeds credit-card debt, which represents current consumption. Myth 5: College costs are increasing faster than inflation largely because of wasteful spending on lavish dor
29、ms, recreation centers etc. PIn a universitys overall budget, capital costs for “sweetness“(such as recreation centers)constitute a very small fraction of the budget Amortized(分期偿还 )over the life of the asset, they may account for a few dollars of the annual tuition bill, but not much more. QIronica
30、lly, one of the main factors pushing up costs at universities is the fact that the college premium the wages paid to highly educated employees is higher than ever. College costs are dominated by employee salaries, and most of these employees(whether faculty, staff or administrators)are themselves hi
31、ghly educated. So the same phenomenon that increases the financial return of going to college for students also increases the cost of attending college! 11 Higher college premium accounts for part of the cost increase at universities. 12 Since the recession, the employment rate of recent college gra
32、duates has almost remained the same. 13 Some loan figures combine the student debts for bachelors degrees and“ professional degrees. 14 Taking inflation into consideration, the average college cost today is almost twice as much as that in 1980. 15 There is no need to worry about replacing college sa
33、vings with debt. 16 A regions economic growth can be strongly affected by the increased productivity of a college-educated workforce, according to a study. 17 Investment in physical capital is quite similar to that in human capital. 18 The fact that more high school students enter colleges benefits
34、America. 19 In recent years, the proportion of families with any college savings decreased. 20 Usually employers are paying more for a college graduate than an unskilled worker. Section C 20 While the 1970s pop psychotherapy movement focused on the importance of letting anger out, more recent resear
35、ch suggests that theres a smarter, healthier way to react to lifes slings and arrows; with forgiveness. In a recent study, it was found that when individuals were about to forgive, they experienced greater joy, a more profound sense of control over life and less depression. Sound appealing. a)Why ho
36、lding a grudge(怨恨 )can be harmful? Your boyfriend blows you off for an important date. If you stay angry at him, youll probably get fresh flowers on your doorstep and maybe a fancy meal or two. But grudge-holding only gives us the illusion of power. If you hold on to that anger on a chronic basis, t
37、hen it has power over you, eating away at your peace of mind and perhaps even your immune system. A study by Kathleen Lawler, Ph. D., a psychology professor at the University of Tennessee, confirms that people who are unable to forgive report more stress in their lives, more illness and more visits
38、to the doctor than do forgiving folk. b)Going from a grudge to forgiveness A few ways to develop your capacity to turn the other cheek Try writing a daily “forgiveness“ reminder in your journal; it may sound corny(过时的 ), but its a great way to help gain control over your emotional life. Write a lett
39、er to your offender, detailing exactly whats bothering you. Then toss it. Youll feel better, even if your message never reaches its intended target. What, exactly, makes your blood boil? Forgiveness isnt about swallowing anger or being a doormat(逆来顺受的人 ). Its not about forgetting, either. On the con
40、trary, its about acknowledging an offence with your eyes wide openand then releasing the anger. That means conjuring unempathy(不执着 )toward the person who hurt you, then focusing on the good parts of your life. c)An act of courage Still not convinced that its worth it to put your energies toward forg
41、iving? Besides the benefits to your psyche and physical health, true forgiveness is a sign of strength and soulfulness. “It takes a lot of moral muscle to forgive,“ says Dr. Witvleit of Hope College in Michigan. The bottom line: Forgiving ultimately benefits the forgiver more than the person who has
42、 done wrong. So start putting your own well-being first, and live life with as much interest and love as you can. 21 Forgiveness has the following advantages except that_. （ A） it enables people to be smarter （ B） it makes people more cheerful （ C） it helps people to be healthier （ D） it relieves pe
43、oples frustration 22 According to the passage, if you keep feeling angry for a long time,_. （ A） the one who has done wrong will keep sending you presents （ B） the one who has done wrong will ultimately apologize to you （ C） you will have power over the one who has done wrong to you （ D） you will gr
44、adually lose control over your mind and your health 23 The author thinks when one forgives,_ （ A） he endures the offence without complaints （ B） he tries his best to forget the bad experience （ C） he does not cling to the past but welcomes the bright side of life （ D） he does not carry out revenge b
45、ut reminds himself of the offence 24 Dr. Witvleit thinks to forgive _. （ A） benefits ones physical health （ B） benefits ones mental health （ C） costs ones time and energy （ D） shows ones spiritual virtue 25 The author most probably wants to _. （ A） inform the reader （ B） instruct the reader （ C） com
46、pare two ways of treating anger （ D） focus on the advantage of forgiving 25 One of the biggest changes since 1990 is the degree to which bioterrorism has become a public health priority. Although there had long been concern about vulnerability to biowarfare and bioterrorism, the anthrax episode in t
47、he fall of 2001 made it clear that the concern is no longer theoretical. Until very recently, the important role of public health at the frontlines of bioterrorism preparedness was unrecognized. Although concern about emerging infections has helped stimulate funding for the chronically underapprecia
48、ted public health system, the threat of bioterrorism motivated the first real infusion of new money into public health in decades. Many of the capabilities needed to defend against bioterrorism are the same as those needed to combat natural emerging infections. In both instances, the problem is an u
49、nexpected outbreak of infectious disease, of which the first indication is likely to be sick people in emergency rooms or clinics. Indeed, as with the anthrax attacks, the public health and medical responses may be under way before the true nature of the outbreak is recognized. Public health and the interface with the health care system are therefore key elements in any effective response to bioterrorism. Whether the biggest threat is natu
